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Skin and Soft Tissue

  1. Aboltins CA, Hutchinson AF, Sinnappu RN, et al.  Oral versus parenteral antimicrobials for the treatment of cellulitis:  a randomized non-inferiority trial.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2015;70:581-6.
  2. Achong MR.  Soft tissue infections: boils, bites and bad bacteria.  Can J Diagn 1999;93-103.
  3. Bader MS, Twells L, Hawboldt J.  Risk factors of cellulitis treatment failure with once-daily intravenous cefazolin plus oral probenecid.  Southern Med J 2011;104:789-93.
  4. Bass JW.  Treatment of skin and skin structure infections.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:152-5.
  5. Bernard P.  Management of common bacterial infections of the skin.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008;21:122-8.
  6. Bisno AL, Stevens DL.  Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues.  N Engl J Med 1996;334:240-5.
  7. Bjork R.  What’s causing your patient’s lower-extremity redness?  Wound Care Advisor 2013;2:16-19,28.
  8. Bowler P.  The anaerobic and aerobic microbiology of wounds: a review.  Wounds 1998;10:170-8.
  9. Brown G, Chamberlain R, Goulding J, et al.  Ceftriaxone versus cefazolin with probenecid for severe skin and soft tissue infections.  J Emerg Med 1996;14:547-51.
  10. Cox VC, Zed PJ.  Once-daily cefazolin and probenecid for skin and soft tissue infections.  Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:458-63.
  11. Dryden MS.  Complicated skin and soft tissue infection.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65 suppl 3:iii35-44.
  12. Eron LJ.  Cellulitis and soft-tissue infections.  Ann Intern Med 2009;Jan:ITC1-1-16.
  13. Failla DM, Parkey GA. Optimum outpatient therapy of skin & skin structure infections. Drugs 1994;48:172-8.
  14. Falagas ME, Vergidis PI.  Narrative review:  diseases that masquerade as infectious cellulitis.  Ann Intern Med 2005;142:47-55.
  15. Gabillot-Carre M, Roujeau JC.  Acute bacterial skin infections and cellulitis.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007;20:118-23.
  16. Graham-Robinson NA. Skin infections & treating the surface - does it work? Pharm Practice 1992 (Jun): 23-9.
  17. Grayson LM, McDonald M, Gibson K, et al.  Once-daily intravenous cefazolin plus oral probenecid is equivalent to once-daily intravenous ceftriaxone plus oral placebo for the treatment of moderate-to-severe cellulitis in adults.  Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:1440-8.
  18. Halilovic J, Heintz BH, Brown J.  Risk factors for clinical failure in patients hospitalized with cellulitis and cutaneous abscess.  J Infection 2012;65:128-34.
  19. Hurwitz S.  Guide to skin diseases of infants.  Diagnosis 1985;103-14.
  20. Ki V, Rotstein C.  Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in adults:  a review of their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and site of care.  Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2008;19:173-84.
  21. Kilburn SA, Featherstone P, Higgins B, et al.  Interventions for cellulitis and erysipelas.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, Issue 6.  Art. No.: CD004299.
  22. Klempner MS, Styrt B.  Prevention of recurrent staphylococcal skin infections with low-dose oral clindamycin therapy.  JAMA 1988;260:2682-5.
  23. Moon KT.  Which antibiotics are best for skin and soft tissue infections?  Am Fam Physician 2007;76:1034-8.
  24. Nahata MC, Durrell DE, Ginn-Pease ME, et al.  Pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of cefazolin in pediatric patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.  Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1991;16:49-52.
  25. Peterson D, McLeod S, Woolfrey K, et al.  Predictors of failure of empiric outpatient antibiotic therapy in emergency department patients with uncomplicated cellulitis.  Academic Emerg Med 2014;21:526-31.
  26. Phoenix G, Das S, Joshi M.  Diagnosis and management of cellulitis.  BMJ 2012;345:e4955.
  27. Piersimoni C, Scarparo C.  Extrapulmonary infections associated with nontuberculous mycobacteria in immunocompetent persons.  Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:1351-8.
  28. Reagan DR, et al.  Elimination of coincident Staphylococcus aureus nasal and hand carriage with intranasal application of mupirocin calcium ointment.  Ann Intern Med 1991;114:101-6.
  29. Rice TL. Topical antibacterials. Hospital Pharmacy 1992;27:1099-1108.
  30. Robinson JL, Wenman WM.  Bacterial skin infections in children: what to look for and what to do.  Can J Diagnosis 1990;76-92.
  31. Schachner L, Press S.  Vesicular, bullous and pustular disorders in infancy and childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am 1983;30:609-29.
  32. Semel JD, Goldin H.  Association of athlete’s foot with cellulitis of the lower extremities: diagnostic value of bacterial cultures of ipsilateral interdigital space samples. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:1162-4.
  33. Singer AJ, Talan DA.  Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.  N Engl J Med 2014;370:1039-47.
  34. Spina SP, Dillon Jr EC.  Effect of chronic probenecid therapy on cefazolin serum concentrations.  Ann Pharmacother 2003;37:621-4.
  35. Stevens DL.  Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues.  N Engl J Med 1996;334:240-5.
  36. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al.  Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections:  2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:e10-52.
  37. Strauss WG, et al.  Bacterial interference treatment of recurrent furunculosis.  JAMA 1969;208:861-3.
  38. Swartz MN.  Cellulitis. N Engl J Med 2004;350:904-12.
  39. Thomas KS, Crook AM, Nunn AJ, et al.  Penicillin to prevent recurrent leg cellulitis.  N Engl J Med 2013;368:1695-703.
  40. Tortoli E.  Clinical manifestations of nontuberculous mycobacteria infections.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2009;15:906-10.
  41. Wong MSW.  A lousy problem – revisiting the age-old concern of head lice.  Pharmacy Practice 2002:18;47-53.   

MRSA

  1. Barton M, Hawkes M, Moore D, et al.  Guidelines for the prevention and management of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus:  A perspective for Canadian health care practitioners.  Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2006;17 (suppl C):4C-24C.
  2. Canadian Paediatric Society, Infectious Disease Committee (Principal authors Joan L Robinson, Marina I Salvadori), Management of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin abscesses in children. Paediatr Child Health 2011;16:115-6.  www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus-skin-abscesses (Accessed September 13, 2012).
  3. Chen SF.  Staphylococcus aureus decolonization.  Ped Infect Dis J 2005;24:79-80.
  4. Conly JM, Johnston BL.  The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a community-acquired pathogen in Canada.  Can J Infect Dis Med Micro 2003;14:249-51.
  5. Conly JM, Stiver HG, Weiss KA, et al.  A retrospective analysis of practice patterns in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections at three Canadian tertiary care centres.  Can J Infect Dis 2003;14:315-21.
  6. David MZ, Daum RS.  Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus:  epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2010;23:616-87.
  7. DeLeo FR, Otto M, Kreiswirth BN, et al.  Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.  Lancet 2010;375:1557-68.
  8. Fung SK, Louie M, Simor AE.  Combined topical and oral antimicrobial therapy for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization in hospitalized patients.  Can J Infect Dis 2002;13:287-92.
  9. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove S, et al.  Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:1-38.
  10. Lucet JC, Regnier B.  Screening and decolonization:  does methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus hold lessons for methicillin-resistant S. aureus?  Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:585-90.
  11. Mulvey MR, MacDougall L, Cholin B, et al.  Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Canada.  Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:844-50.
  12. Nichol KA, Adam HJ, Roscoe DL, et al.  Changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Canada.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68(suppl 1):i47-55.
  13. Simor AE, Loeb M.  The management of infection and colonization due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus:  a CIDS/CAMM position paper.  Can J Infect Dis 2004;15:39-48.
  14. Simor AE, Phillips E, McGeer A, et al.  Randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine gluconate for washing, intranasal mupirocin, and rifampin and doxycycline versus no treatment for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:178-85.
  15. van Rijen M, Bonten M, Wenzel R, et al.  Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, Issue 4.  Art. No.: CD006216.
  16. Weber JT.  Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.  Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:S269-72.
  17. Wertheim HFL, Melles DC, Vos MC, et al.  The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections.  Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:751-62.

 Impetigo

  1. Bowen AC, Tong SYC, Andrews RM.  Short-course oral co-trimoxazole versus intramuscular benzathine benzylpenicillin for impetigo in a highly endemic region:  an open-label, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial.  Lancet 2014;384:2132-40.
  2. Koning S, van Suijlekom-Smit LWA, Nouwen JL, et al.  Fusidic acid cream in the treatment of impetigo in general practice:  double blind randomised placebo controlled trial.  BMJ 2002;324:1-5.
  3. Koning S, Verhagen AP, van Suijlekom-Smit LWA, et al.  Interventions for impetigo.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, Issue 2.  Art. No.: CD003261.

Vesicular Lesions

  1. Alrabiah FA, Sacks SL.  New antiherpesvirus agents:  their targets and therapeutic potential.  Drugs 1996;52:17-32.
  2. Amir J, Harel L, Smetana Z, et al.  Treatment of herpes simplex gingivostomatitis with aciclovir in children: a randomised double blind placebo controlled study.  Br Med J 1997;314:1800-3.
  3. Anon.  Drugs for non-HIV viral infections. Treatment Guidelines Med Let 2005;3(32):23-32.
  4. Boivin G, Jovey R, Elliott CT, et al.  Management and prevention of herpes zoster:  a Canadian perspective.  Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2010;21:45-52.
  5. Committee on Infectious Diseases.  The use of oral acyclovir in otherwise healthy children with varicella.  Pediatr 1993;91:674-6.
  6. Dworkin RH, Boon RJ, Griffin DRG, et al.  Postherpetic neuralgia: impact of famciclovir, age, rash severity, and acute pain in herpes zoster patients.  J Infect Dis 1998;178:S76-80.
  7. Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, et al.  Recommendations for the management of Herpes zoster.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:1-26.
  8. Hardy I, Gershon AA, Steinberg SP, et al.  The incidence of zoster after immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine.  A study in children with leukemia.  Varicella Vaccine Collaborative Study Group. New Engl J Med 1991;325:1545-50.
  9. Heininger U, Seward JF.  Varicella.  Lancet 2006;368:1365-76.
  10. Klassen TP, Hartling L.  Acyclovir for treatng varicella in otherwise healthy children and adolescents.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, Issue 4.  Art. No.: CD002980.
  11. Nikkels AF, Pierard GE. Recognition and treatment of shingles. Drugs 1994;48:528-48.
  12. Ormrod D, Goa K.  Valaciclovir: A review of its use in the management of herpes zoster.  Drugs 2000;59:1317-40.
  13. Perry CM, Wagstaff AJ.  Famciclovir: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in Herpesvirus infections. Drugs 1995;50:396-415.
  14. Schmader K.  Herpes zoster in older adults.  Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1481-6.
  15. Spruance SL, Jones TM, Blatter MM, et al.  Oral valaciclovir for the treatment of herpes labialis:  two trials of early, high-dose, short-course therapy.  Abstract
  16. Spruance, SL, Nett R, Marbury T, et al.  Acyclovir cream for treatment of herpes simplex labialis:  results of two randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicenter clinical trials.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002:46;2238-43.
  17. Tyring SK, Beutner KR, Tucker BA, et al.  Antiviral therapy for herpes zoster:  randomized, controlled clinical trial of valacyclovir and famciclovir therapy in immunocompetent patients 50 years and older.  Arch Fam Med 2000;9:863-9.
  18. Valtrex® product monograph.  GlaxoSmithKline Inc.  May 7, 2003.
  19. Whitley RJ.  A 70 year-old woman with shingles.  JAMA 2009;302:73-80.
  20. Wilson JF.  Herpes zoster.  Ann Intern Med 2011;Mar:ITC3-1-16.

Breast Abscess/Mastitis

  1. Bing AU, Loh SF, Morris T, et al.  Actinomyces species isolated from breast infections.  J Clin Microbiol 2015;53:3247-55.
  2. Bundred NJ, Dover MS, Coley S, et al.  Breast abscesses and cigarette smoking.  Br J Surg 1992;79:58-9.
  3. Dixon JM, Khan LR.  Treatment of breast infection.  BMJ 2011;342:d396.
  4. Dixon JM.  Breast infection.  BMJ 2013;347:f3291.
  5. Jahanfar S, Ng CJ, Teng CL.  Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, Issue 1.  Art. No.: CD005458.
  6. Mertz KR, Baddour LM, Bell JL, et al.  Breast cellulitis following breast conservation therapy: a novel complication of medical progress.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:481-6.
  7. Seng P, Bayle S, Alliez A, et al.  The microbial epidemiology of breast implant infections in a regional referral centre for plastic and reconstructive surgery in the south of France.  International J Infect Dis 2015;35:62-6.

Bites

  1. Abrahamian FM, Goldstein EJC.  Microbiology of animal bite wound infections.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2011;24:231-46.
  2. Bowler PG, Duerden Bl, Armstrong DG.  Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin Micro Rev 2001;14:244-69.
  3. Bunzli WF, Wright DH, Hoang AD, et al.  Current management of human bites.  Pharmacotherapy 1998;18:227-34.
  4. Cummings P.  Antibiotics to prevent infection in patients with dog bite wounds:  a meta-analysis of randomized trials.  Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:535-40.
  5. Davies HD.  When your best friend bites:  a note on dog and cat bites.  Can J Infect Dis 2000;11:227-9.
  6. Failla DM, Parkey GA. Optimum outpatient therapy of skin & skin structure infections. Drugs 1994;48:172-8.
  7. Fleisher GR.  The management of bite wounds.  N Engl J Med 1999;340:138-40.
  8. Goldstein EJC. Bite wounds and infection. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:633-40.
  9. Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Finegold SM.  Dog bite wounds and infection: a prospective clinical study.  Ann Emerg Med 1980;9:508-12.
  10. Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Finegold SM.  Role of anaerobic bacteria in bite-wound infections.  Rev Infect Dis 1984;6:177-83.
  11. Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Wield B, et al.  Bacteriology of human and animal bite wounds.  J Clin Microbiol 1978;8:667-72.
  12. Greene SE, Fritz SA.  Infectious complications of bite injuries.  Infect Dis Clin N Am 2021;35:219-36.
  13. Morgan M, Palmer J.  Dog bites.  BMJ 2007;334:413-7.
  14. Oehler R, Velez AP, Mizrachi M, et al.  Bite-related and septic syndromes caused by cats and dogs.  Lancet Infect Dis 2009;9:439-47.
  15. Stevens DL, Higbee JW, Oberhofer TR, et al.  Antibiotic susceptibilities of human isolates of Pasteurella multocida.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979;16:322-4.
  16. Talan DA, Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ, et al. Clinical presentation and bacteriologic analysis of infected human bites in patients presenting to emergency departments. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1481-9.
  17. Talan DA, Citron DM, Abrahamian FM, et al.  Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites.  N Engl J Med 1999;340:85-92.
  18. Taplitz RA.  Managing bite wounds. Currently recommended antibiotics for treatment and prophylaxis. Postgraduate Medicine 2004:116:49-59.
  19. Taylor GA. Management of human bite injuries of the hand. Can Med Assoc J 1985;133:191-2.
  20. Weber DJ, Hansen AR. Infections resulting from animal bites. Infect Dis Clin N Am 1991;5:663-80.

Diabetic Foot

  1. Baglioni P, Malik M, Okosieme OE.  Acute Charcot foot.  BMJ 2012;344:e1397.
  2. Bamberger DM, Davis GP, Gerding DN. Osteomyelitis in the feet of diabetic patients: long-term results, prognostic factors, and the role of antimicrobial and     surgical therapy. Amer J Med 1987;83:653-60.
  3. Bowler PG, Duerden Bl, Armstrong DG.  Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin Micro Rev 2001;14:244-69.
  4. Caputo GM, Cavanagh PR, Ulbrecht JS, et al. Assessment and management of foot disease in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 1994;331:854-60.
  5. Cavanagh PR, Lipsky BA, Bradbury AW, et al.  Treatment for diabetic foot ulcers.  Lancet 2005;366:1725-35.
  6. Charles PGP,  Uçkay I, Kressmann B, et al.  The role of anaerobes in diabetic foot infections. Anaerobe 2015;34:8-13.
  7. Committee on Antimicrobial Agents, Fong IW. Management of diabetic foot infection: a position paper. Can J Infect Dis 1996;7:361-5.
  8. Gerding DN.  Foot infections in diabetic patients:  the role of anaerobes.  Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:283-8.
  9. Grayson ML, Gibbons GW, Habershaw GM, et al.  Use of ampicillin/sulbactam versus imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of limb-threatening foot infections in diabetic patients.  Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:683-93.
  10. Grayson ML. Diabetic foot infections: antimicrobial therapy. Infect Dis Clin N 1995;9:146-61.
  11. Kertesz D, Chow AW.  Infected pressure and diabetic ulcers.  Clin Geriatr Med 1992; 8:835-52.
  12. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al.  2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections.  Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:132-73.
  13. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, et al.  Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections.  Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:885-910.
  14. Monteiro-Soares M, Russell D, Boyko EJ, et al.  IWGDF Guideline on the classification of diabetic foot ulcers.  Part of the 2019 IWGDF Guidelines on the Prevention and Management of Diabetic Foot Disease. www.iwgdfguidelines.org
  15. Powlson AS, Coll AP.  The treatment of diabetic foot infections.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65(suppl 3):iii3-9.
  16. Senneville E, Albalawi Z, van Asten SA, et al.  IWGDF/IDSA guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes-related foot infections.  Clin Infect Dis 2023:1-23. ciad527, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad527.
  17. Tan AI, Greenstein A, Jarrett SJ, et al.  Acute neuropathic joint disease.  Diabetes Care 2005;28:2962-4.
  18. Tan JS, Friedman NM, Hazelton-Miller C, et al.  Can aggressive treatment of diabetic foot infections reduce the need for above-ankle amputation?  Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:286-91.
  19. Wheat LJ, Allen SD, Henry M, et al. Diabetic foot infections: bacteriologic analysis. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:1935-40.

Rapidly Progressive Skin & Soft Tissue

  1. Anaya DA, Dellinger EP.  Necrotizing soft-tissue infection:  diagnosis and management.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:705-10.
  2. Babiker A, Li X, Lai YL, et al.  Effectiveness of adjunctive clindamycin in β-lactam antibiotic-treated patients with invasive β-haemolytic streptococcal infections in US hospitals: a retrospective multicentre cohort study.  Lancet Infect Dis 2020  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30523-5.
  3. Capital Health Regional Public Health.  Public Health follow-up:  invasive Group A Strep disease.  Communicable Disease Corner 1997;7:8.
  4. Chen JL, Fullerton KE, Flynn NM.  Necrotizing fasciitis associated with injection drug use.  Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:6-15.
  5. Communicable Disease Control, Alberta Health.  Alberta guidelines for management of contacts of cases of invasive Group A streptococcal disease, 1996.
  6. Darenberg J, Ihendyane N, Sjolin J, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a European randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:333-40.
  7. Demers B, Simor AE, Vellend H, et al. Severe invasive group A Streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada: 1987-1991. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:792-800.
  8. Frick S, Cerny A.  Necrotizing fasciitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae after intramuscular injection of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:  report of 2 cases and review.  Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:740-4.
  9. Gardam MA, Low DE, Saginur R, et al.  Group B streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome in adults.  Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1704-8.
  10. Givner LB, Abramson JS, Wasilauskas B.  Apparent increase in the incidence of invasive group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal disease in children. J Pediatr 1991;118:341-6.
  11. Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PRW, et al.  Necrotising fasciitis.  BMJ 2005;330:830-3.
  12. Kaul R, McGeer A, Norrby-Teglund A, et al.  Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome - a comparative observational study.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:800-7.
  13. Morris SF, Brennan M.  Necrotizing infections of the skin and soft tissue.  Can J CME 1996;Apr:115-27.
  14. Norrby-Teglund A, Basma H, Andersson J, et al.  Varying titers of neutralizing antibodies to streptococcal superantigens in different preparations of normal polyspecific immunoglobulin G: implications for therapeutic efficacy.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:631-8.
  15. Phan HH, Cocanour CS.  Necrotizing soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit.  Crit Care Med 2010;38(suppl.):S460-8.
  16. Stevens DL, Bryant AE.  Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections.  N Engl J Med 2017;377:2253-65. 
  17. Stevens DL.  Rationale for the use of intravenous gamma globulin in the treatment of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:639-41.
  18. Stevens DL, Gibbons AE, Bergstrom R, et al.  The Eagle effect revisited:  efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis.  J Infect Dis 1988;158:23-8.
  19. Stevens DL.  Invasive group A Streptococcus infections. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:2-13
  20. The Streptococcal Study Group, Departments of Infectious Disease and Microbiology.  Protocol for the management of Group A Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, Mount Sinai Hospital.  Toronto, Ontario.
  21. The Working Group on Prevention of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections.  Prevention of invasive Group A streptococcal disease among household contacts of case-patients.  JAMA 1998;279:1206-10.
  22. Ustin JS, Malangoni MA.  Necrotizing soft-tissue infections.  Crit Care Med 2011;39:2156-62.
  23. Vinh, DC, Embil JM.  Rapidly progressive soft tissue infections.  Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:501-13.   

Lice

  1. Canadian Pediatric Society.  Head lice infestations:  a clinical update.  Paediatr Child Health 2008;13:692-6.
  2. Boivin M, Dion C, Oleksyn C.  Managing head lice - in the age of lice resistance to neurotoxic products and new treatment modalities.  rxBriefCase 2012.
     
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