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Gastrointestinal

Gastroenteritis

  1. Abbott SL, Janda JM.  Bacterial gastroenteritis I:  incidence and etiologic agents.  Clin Microbiol Newslett 1992;14:17-20.
  2. Abbott SL, Janda JM.  Bacterial gastroenteritis II:  pathogenesis and laboratory identification.  Clin Microbiol Newslett 1992;14:25-8.
  3. Alberta Clinical Practice Guidelines Working Group.  Laboratory guidelines for ordering stool tests for investigation of suspected infectious diarrhea.  1997;1-6.
  4. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya MK, Dutta D, et al.  Single-dose ciprofloxacin for shigellosis in adults.
  5. Burke V, Gracey M, Robinson J, et al.  The microbiology of childhood gastroenteritis: Aeromonas species and other infective agents.  J Infect Dis 1983;148:68-74.
  6. Charles H, Prochazka M, Thorley K, et al.  Outbreak of sexually transmitted, extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei in the UK, 2021–22: a descriptive
    epidemiological study.  Lancet Infect Dis 2022.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00370-X 
  7. Chinh NT, Parry CM, Thi Ly N, et al.  A randomized controlled comparison of azithromycin and ofloxacin for treatment of multidrug-resistant or nalidixic acid-resistant enteric fever.   Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:1855-9.
  8. Collins JP, Friedman CR, Birhane MG, et al.  Evidence of failure of oral third-generation cephalosporin treatment for Shigella sonnei infection.  OFID 2020.  DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa113.
  9. Dryden MS, Gabb RJE, Wright SK. Empirical treatment of severe acute community-acquired gastroenteritis with ciprofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:1019-25.
  10. Dryden MS, Keyworlth N, Gabb R, et al.  Asymptomatic foodhandlers as the source of nosocomial salmonellosis.  J Hosp Infect 1994;28:195-208.
  11. DuPont HL.  Bacterial diarrhea.  N Engl J Med 2009;361:1560-9.
  12. Galanis E.  Campylobacter and bacterial gastroenteritis.  CMAJ 2007;177:570-1.
  13. Gallagher JC, Du JK, Rose C.  Severe pseudomembranous colitis after moxifloxacin use:  a case series.  Ann Pharmacother 2009:43;123-8.
  14. Girgis NI, Butler T, Frenck RW, et al.  Azithromycin versus ciprofloxacin for treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in a randomized trial in Egypt that included patients with multidrug resistance.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1441-4.
  15. Guerrant RL, Bobak DA. Bacterial and protozoal gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:327-40.
  16. Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS, et al.  Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea.  Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:331-351.
  17. Khan WA, Saha D, Rahman A, et al.  Comparison of single-dose azithromycin and 12-dose, 3-day erythromycin for childhood cholera:  a randomised, double-blind trial.  Lancet 2002;360:1722-7.
  18. Pennington H.  Escherichia coli O157.  Lancet 2010;376:1428-35.
  19. Salam MA, Seas C, Khan WA, et al.  Treatment of shigellosis: IV. Cefixime is ineffective in shigellosis in adults.  Ann Intern Med 1995;123:505-8.
  20. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al.  2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea.  Clin Infect Dis 2017;65:e45-e80.
  21. Trivett H.  Increase in extensively drug resistant Shigella sonnei in Europe.  Lancet Infect Dis 2022;3:e481.
  22. Williams PCM, Berkley JA.  Guidelines for the treatment of dysentery (shigellosis): a systematic review of the evidence.  Paediatrics and International Child Health 2018;38:S50-65.
  23. Wistrom J, Jertborn M, Ekwall E, et al. Empiric treatment of acute diarrheal disease with norfloxacin: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:202-8.
  24. Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, et al.  The risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections.  N Engl J Med 2000;342:1930-6.

Travellers’ diarrhea

  1. Anon.  Advice for Travelers.  Med Lett Treatment Guidelines 2009;7:83-94.
  2. Anon.  Drugs for travelers' diarrhea.  Med Lett 2008;50:58-9.
  3. Adachi JA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, DuPont HL, et al.  Empirical antimicrobial therapy for traveler's diarrhea.  Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1079-83.
  4. CATMAT.  Statement on travellers’ diarrhea.  Can Commun Dis Rep 1994;20-17:149-56.
  5. Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). Statement on travellers’ diarrhea.  Canada Communicable Disease Report 2001;27(ACS-3).
  6. Diemert DJ.  Prevention and self-treatment of traveler's diarrhea.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19:583-94.
  7. DuPont HL.  Therapy for and prevention of traveler's diarrhea.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:S78-84.
  8. DuPont HL, Ericsson CD. Prevention and treatment of traveler’s diarrhea. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1821-7.
  9. Ericsson CD, DuPont HL. Traveler’s diarrhea: approaches to prevention and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:616-26.
  10. Hill DR, Beeching NJ.  Travelers' diarrhea.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010;23:481-7.
  11. Mackell S.  Traveler's diarrhea in the pediatric population:  etiology and impact.  Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:S547-52.
  12. McCarthy AE, Mileno MD.  Prevention and treatment of travel-related infections in compromised hosts.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006;19:450-5.
  13. Okhuysen PC.  Current concepts in travelers' diarrhea:  epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance and treatment.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005;18:522-6.
  14. Riddle MS, DuPont HL, Conner BA.  ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis, treatment, and
    prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults.  Am J Gastroenterol 2016;111:602-22.  doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.126
  15. Wolfe MS.  Protection of travelers.  Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:177-86.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI)

  1. Al-Nassir WN, Sethi AK, Nerandzic MM, et al.  Comparison of clinical and microbiological response to treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with metronidazole and vancomycin.  Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:56-62.
  2. Anand A, Bashey B, Mir T, et al.  Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea.  Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:519-23.
  3. Apisarnthanarak A, Razavi B, Mundy LM.  Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis:  case series and review of the literature.  Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:690-6.
  4. Babar S, El Kurdi B, El Iskandarani M, et al.  Oral vancomycin prophylaxis for the prevention of Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.  Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020;41:1302-9.  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/oral-vancomycin-prophylaxis-for-the-prevention-of-clostridium-difficile-infection-a-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis/58E228C0F736FF649AC6F35F19CA1476.
  5. Bakken JS, Borody T, Brandt LJ, et al.  Treating clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation.  Clin Gastro and Hep 2011:9;1044-9.
  6. Bartlett JG.  Antibiotic-associated diarrhea.  N Engl J Med 2002;346:334-9.
  7. Bauer, MP, Kuijper EJ, van Dissel JT.  European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID):  treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).  Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;15:1067-79.
  8. Bryant K, McDonald LC.  Clostridium difficile infections in children.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:145-6.
  9. Buggy BP, Fekety R, Silva J Jr.  Therapy of relapsing Clostridium difficile – associated diarrhea and colitis with the combination of vancomycin and rifampin.  J Clin Gastroenterol 1987;9:155-9.
  10. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al.  Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults:  2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).  Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:431-55.
  11. Cunningham R, Dale B, Undy B, et al.  Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile diarrhea.  J Hospital Infection 2003;54:243-5.
  12. Dalton BR, Lye-MacCannell T, Henderson EA, et al.  Proton pump inhibitors increase significantly the risk of Clostridium difficile infection in a low-endemicity, non-outbreak hospital setting.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;29:626-34.
  13. Deshpande A, Pant C, Pasupuleti V, et al.  Association between proton pump inhibitor therapy and Clostridium difficile infection in a meta-analysis.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;article in press.
  14. Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, et al.  Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors:  cohort and case-control studies.  CMAJ 2004;171:33-8.
  15. Dial S, Delaney JAC, Barkun AN, et al.  Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquiredClostridium difficile disease.  JAMA 2005;294:2989-95.
  16. Dial S, Kezouh A, Dascal A, et al.  Patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of Clostridium difficile infection.  CMAJ 2008;179:767-72.
  17. Do AN, Fridkin SK, Yechouron A, et al.  Risk factors for early recurrent Clostridium difficile – associated diarrhea.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:954-9.
  18. Drug Safety.  Proton pump inhibitors (PPis) - drug safety communication:  Clostridum difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) can be associated with stomach acid drugs.  2012.
  19. Fedorko DP.  Controversies in Clostridium difficile testing.  Clinical Microbiol Newsletter 2002;24:76-9.
  20. Fekety R.  Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis.  Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:739-50.
  21. Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR, et al.  Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis.  Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16;459-77.
  22. Gough E, Shaikh H, Manges AR.  Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantaiton (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.  Clin Infect Dis 2011:53;994-1002.
  23. Health Canada.  Proton pump inhibitors (antacids):  possible risk of Costridium difficile-associated diarrhea.  2012.
  24. Hogenauer C, Hammer HF, Krejs GJ, et al.  Mechanisms and management of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:702-10.
  25. Hurley, BW, Nguyen CC.  The spectrum of pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea.  Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2177-84.
  26. Johnson S, Gerding DN.  Clostridium difficile – associated diarrhea.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1027-36.
  27. Johnson S, Lavergne V, Skinner M, et al.  Clinical practice guideline by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 focused update guidelines on management of Clostridioides difficile infection in adults.  Clin Infect Dis 2021 ciab549.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab549.
  28. Kamboj M, Khosa P, Kaltsas A, et al.  Relapse versus reinfection:surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:1003-6.
  29. Kelly CR, Fischer M, Allegretti JR, et al.  ACG clinical guidelines: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections.  Am J Gastroenterol 2021;116:1124-47. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001278.
  30. Kelly CP, LaMont JT.  Clostridium difficile - more difficult than ever.  N Engl J Med 2008;359:1932-40.
  31. Knoop FC, Owens M, Crocker IC.  Clostridium difficile: clinical disease and diagnosis.  Clin Microbiol Rev 1993;6:251-65.
  32. Letter to the Editor.  Control of clostridium diffficile-associated diarrhea by antibiotic stewardship in a small community hospital.  Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2012:23
  33. Linsky A, Gupta K, Lawler EV, et al.  Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.  Arch Intern Med 2010;170:772-8.
  34. Loo VG, Davis I, Embil J, et al.  Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada treatment practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection. 2018 doi:10.3138/jammi.2018.02.13.
  35. Louie TJ, Meddings J.  Clostridium difficile infection in hospitals:  risk factors and responses.  CMAJ 2004:171:45-6.
  36. Malnick SDH, Zimhony O.  Treatment of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea.  Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:1767-75.
  37. McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al.  Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the
    Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA).  Clin Infect Dis 2018;66:987-94.
  38. Mylonakis E, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB.  Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:525-33.
  39. Owens RC Jr., Donskey CJ, Gaynes RP, et al.  Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection.  Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:S19-31.
  40. Pasic M, Jost R, Carrel T, et al.  Intracolonic vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis.  N Engl J Med 1993;329:583.
  41. Pepin J, Saheb N, Coulombe MA, et al.  Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile – associated diarrhea:  a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec.  Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1254-60.
  42. Pothoulakis C, Castagliuolo I, Kelly CP, et al.  Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea and colitis:  pathogenesis and therapy.  Internat J Antimicrob Agents 1993;3:17-32.
  43. Poutanen SM, Simor AE. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. CMAJ 2004:171:51-8.
  44. Reinke CM.  ASHP therapeutic position statement on the preferential use of metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease.  Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1998;55:1407-11.
  45. Riley TV, Cooper M, Bell B, et al.  Community-acquired Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea.  Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:263-5.
  46. Stevens V, Dumyati G, Fine LS, et al.  Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:42-8.
  47. Rokas KEE, Johnson JW, Beardsley JR, et al.  The addition of intravenous metronidazole to oral vancomycin is associated with improved mortality in critically ill patients with Clostridium difficile infection.  Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:934-41.
  48. Singh T, Bedi P, Bumrah K, et al.  Updates in teatment of recurrent Clostridium
    difficile infection.  J Clin Med Res 2019;11:465-71.
  49. Trexler Hessen M.  Clostridium difficile infection.  Ann Intern Med 2010;Oct:ITC4-1-16.
  50. van Prehn J,  Reigadas E, Vogelzang EH, et al.  European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: 2021 update on the treatment guidance document for Clostridioides difficile infection in adults.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27:S1-S21.
  51. van Rossen TM, Ooijevaar RE, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, et al.  Prognostic factors for severe and recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: a systematic review.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2022;28:321-31.
  52. Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenhundl M, et al.  Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile – associated diarrhea.  Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:813-8.
  53. Wenisch JM, Schmid D, Kuo HW.  Prospective observational study comparing three different treatment regimes in patients with clostridium difficile infection.  Antimicrob Agents & Chemother 2012:1974-8.
  54. Woelfel JA.  Proton pump inhibitors associated with increased risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea.  Pharmacist’s Letter 2004;20:200804.
  55. Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KMLST, et al.  A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:302-7.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

  1. Lin Pw, Stoll BJ.  Necrotising enterocolitis.  Lancet 2006;368:1271-83.
  2. Neu J, Walker WA.  Necrotizing enterocolitis.  N Engl J Med 2011;364:255-64.

H. pylori

  1. Anon. Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) Primary Care Pathway (specialistlink.ca)
  2. Alberta Medical Association.  Guideline for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults.  Jul 2000.  Revised Jan 2005.
  3. Bardhan KD, Dallaire C, Eisold H, et al.  Ranitidine bismuth citrate with clarithromycin for the treatment of duodenal ulcer.  Gut 1997;41:181-6.
  4. Blaser MJ.  Helicobacter pylori:  its role in disease.  Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:386-93.
  5. Bonagura AF, Dabezies MA. Helicobacter pylori infection. Postgrad Med 1996;100:115-29.
  6. Chey WD, Wong BCY.  American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection.  Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:1808-25.
  7. https://choosingwiselycanada.org/recommendation/gastroenterology/
  8. Fallone CA, Chiba N, van Zanten SV, et al.  The Toronto consensus for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults.  Gastroenterology 2016;151:51-69.
  9. Fischbach L, Evans EL.  Meta-analysis:  the effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori.  Aliment PharmacolTher 2007;26:343-57.
  10. Fuccio L, Laterza L, Zagari RM, et al.  Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection.  BMJ 2008;337:746-7.
  11. Fuccio L, Minardi ME, Zagari RM, et al.  Meta-analysis:  duration of first-line proton-pump inhibitor-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication.  Ann Intern Med 2007;147:553-62.
  12. Gatta L, Vakil N, Leandro G, et al. Sequential therapy or triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults and children. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:3069-79.
  13. Gatta L, Vakil N, Vaira D, et al. Global eradication rates for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of sequential therapy. BMJ 2013;347:f4587.
  14. Graham DY, Fischbach L.  Helicobacter pylori treatment in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance.  Gut 2010;59:1143-53.
  15. Graham DY, Lew GM, Evans DG, et al.  Effect of triple therapy (antibiotics plus bismuth) and duodenal ulcer healing: a randomized controlled trial.  Ann Intern Med 1991;115:266-9.
  16. Graham DY, Lew GM, Klein PD, et al.  Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on the long-term recurrence of gastric or duodenal ulcer.  Ann Intern Med 1992;116:705-8.
  17. Halasz JB, Burak KW, Dowling SK, et al.  Do low-risk patients with dyspepsia need a gastroscopy? Use of gastroscopy for otherwise healthy patients with dyspepsia. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2022;5:32-8.
  18. Hentschel E, Brandstatter G, Dragosics B, et al.  Effect of ranitidine and amoxicillin plus metronidazole on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the recurrence of duodenal ulcer.  N Engl J Med 1993;328:308-50.
  19. Hunt R, Thomson ABR.  Canadian Helicobacter pylori consensus conference.  Can J Gastroenterol 1998;12:31-41.
  20. Jafri NS, Hornung CA, Howden CW.  Meta-analysis:  sequential therapy appears superior to standard therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in patients naïve to treatment.  Ann Intern Med 2008;148:923-31.
  21. Leal-Herrera Y, Torres J, Monath T, et al.  High rates of recurrence and of transient reinfections of Helicobacter pylori in a population with high prevalence of infection.  Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:2395-2402.
  22. Luther J, Higgins PDR, Schoenfeld PS, et al.  Empiric quadruple vs. triple therapy for primary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection:  systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability.  Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:65-73.
  23. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, Rokkas T, et al.  Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report.  Gut 2022;71:1724–62.
  24. McColl KEL.  Helicobacter pylori infection.  N Engl J Med 2010;362:1597-604.
  25. Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, et al. ACG and CAG clinical guideline: management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:988-1013.
  26. Morse AL, Goodman KJ, Munday R, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing sequential with triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori in an Aboriginal community in the Canadian North. Can J Gastroenterol 2013;27:701-6.
  27. NIH.  Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease.  JAMA 1994;272:65-9.
  28. Passaro DJ, Chosy EJ, Parsonnet J.  Helicobacter pylori:  consensus and controversy.  Clin Infect Dis 2002:35;298-304.
  29. Pinchbeck et al. Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2012. (abstract) a145.
  30. Romano M, Gravina AG, Eusebi LH, et al.  Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: Guidelines of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology (SIGE) and the Italian Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SIED).  Digestive and Liver Disease 2022:54;1153-61.
  31. Shah R.  Dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori.  BMJ 2007;334;41-3.
  32. Spee LAA, Madderom MB, Pijpers M, et al.  Association between Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal symptoms in children.  Pediatrics 2010;125:e651-69.
  33. Sung JJY, Chung SCS, Ling TKW, et al. Antibacterial treatment of gastric ulcers associated with Helicobacter pylori. N Engl J Med 1995;332:139-42.
  34. Toward Optimized Practice (TOP) Working Group for H. pylori.  2016 June.  Diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori:  clinical practice guideline.  Edmonton, AB:  Toward Optimized Practice,  Available from https://www.topalbertadoctors.org
  35. Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJO. Management of Helicobacter pylori in 2023: who should be tested, treated, and how. Faculty of Medicine: This Changed My Practice (UBC CPD)  2023. 
  36. Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJO, Sherman PM, Hunt RH.  Helicobacter pylori: new developments and treatments. Can Med Assoc J 1997;156:1565-74.
  37. Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJO, Bradette M, Chiba N, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for short- and long-term management of uninvestigated dyspepsia in primary care:  an update of the Canadian Dyspepsia Working Group (CanDys) clinical management tool.  Can J Gastroenterol 2005;19:285-303
  38. Walsh JH, Peterson WL. The treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in the management of peptic ulcer disease. N Engl J Med 1995;333:984-91.  

Cholecystitis/Cholangitis

  1. Anon.  Antibiotics for cholangitis.  Lancet 1989.
  2. Buxbaum JL, Buitrago C, Lee A, et al.  ASGE guideline on the management of cholangitis.  Gastrointest Endosc 2021;94:207-21.
  3. Colling KP, Besshoff KE, Forrester JD, et al.  Surgical Infection Society guidelines for antibiotic use in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease.  Surgical Infect 2022;23  DOI: 10.1089/sur.2021.207.
  4. Fraser Health Antimicrobial Stewardship Program.  Acute cholangitis.  ASP Handbook. Aug 17, 2021.
  5. Fraser Health Antimicrobial Stewardship Program.  Acute cholecystitis.  ASP Handbook. Aug 17, 2021.
  6. Gomi H, Solomkin JS, Schlossberg D, et al.  Tokyo Guidelines 2018: antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis.  J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2018;25:3-16. DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.518
  7. Haal S, ten Bohmer B, Balkema S, et al.  Antimicrobial therapy of 3 days
    or less is sufficient after successful ERCP for acute cholangitis.  UE Gastroenterol J 2020;8:481-8.
  8. Haal S, Wielenga MCB, Fockens P, et al.  Antibiotic therapy of 3 days may be sufficient after biliary drainage for acute cholangitis: a systematic review.  Digestive Dis Sci 2021;66:4128-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06820-3
  9. Pisano M, Allievi N, Gurusamy K, et al.  2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery
    updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis.  World J Emerg Surg 2020;15:61.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-020-00336-x
  10. Srinu D, Shah J, Jena A, et al.  Conventional vs short duration of antibiotics in patients with moderate or severe cholangitis: non-inferiority randomized trial. Amer J Gastroenterol 2023 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002499.
  11. Strasberg SM.  Acute calculous cholecystitis.  N Engl J Med 2008;358:2804-11.
  12. Strohäker J, Wiegand L, Beltzer C, et al. Clinical presentation and incidence of anaerobic bacteria in surgically treated biliary tract infections and cholecystitis. Antibiotics 2021;10:71. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010071.
  13. Thabit AK.  Antibiotics in the biliary tract: a review of the pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes of antibiotics penetrating the bile and gallbladder wall.  Pharmacotherapy 2020;40:672-91.  doi: 10.1002/phar.2431
  14. Tinusz B, Szapary L, Paladi B, et al.  Short‑course antibiotic treatment is not inferior to a long‑course one in acute cholangitis: a systematic review.  Digestive Dis Sci 2019;64:307-15.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-018-5327-6
  15. van den Hazel SJ, Speelman P, Tytgat GNJ, et al.  Role of antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent cholangitis. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:279-86.
  16. Westphal JF, Brogard JM.  Bilary tract infections.  A guide to drug treatment.  Drugs 1999;57:81-91.

Diverticulitis

  1. Chabok A, Pahlman L, Hjern F, et al.  Randomized clinical trial of antibiotics in acute uncomplicated diverticulitis.  British J Surg 2012;99:532-9.
  2. Daniels L, Unlu C, de Korte N, et al.  Randomized clinical trial of observational versus antibiotic treatment for a first episode of CT-proven uncomplicated acute diverticulitis.  BJS 2017;104:52-61.
  3. de Korte N, Unlu C, Boermeester MA, et al.  Use of antibiotics in uncomplicated diverticulitis.  British J Surg 2011;98:761-7.
  4. Ferzoco LB, Raptopoulos V, Silen W.  Acute diverticulitis.  N Engl J Med 1998;338:1521-6.
  5. Hjern F, Josephson T, Altman D, et al.  Conservative treatment of acute colonic diverticulitis:  are antibiotics always mandatory?  Scand J Gastroenterol 2007;42:41-7.
  6. Jacobs DO.  Diverticulitis.  N Engl J Med 2007;357:2057-66.
  7. Jaung R, Nisbet S, Gosselink MP, et al.  Antibiotics do not reduce length of hospital stay for uncomplicated diverticulitis in a pragmatic double-blind randomized trial.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:503-10.
  8. Nally DM, Kavanagh DO.  Current controversies in the management of diverticulitis:  a review.  Dig Surg 2019;36:195-205.  DOI: 10.1159/000488216
  9. Peery AF, Shaukat A, Strate LL.  AGA clinical practice update on medical management of colonic diverticulitis:  expert review.  Gastroenterol 2021;160:906-11.
  10. Sartelli M, Weber DG, Kluger Y, et al.  2020 update of the WSES guidelines for the
    management of acute colonic diverticulitis in the emergency setting.  World J Emerg Surg 2020;15:32.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-020-00313-4
  11. van Dijk ST, Daniels L, Nio CY, et al.  Predictive factors on CT imaging for progression
    of uncomplicated into complicated acute diverticulitis.  Int J Colorectal Dis 2017;32:1693-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-017-2919-0

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

  1. Acevedo J.  Multiresistant bacterial infections in liver cirrhosis: clinical impact and new empirical antibiotic treatment policies. World J Hepatol 2015; 7: 916-21.
  2. Bhuva M, Ganger D, Jensen D.  Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an update on evaluation, management, and prevention. Am J Med 1994;97:169-75.
  3. Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al.  Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome:  2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.  Hepatol 2021;74:1014-48.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Ceftriaxone-associated biliary complications of treatment of suspected disseminated Lyme disease - New Jersey, 1990-1992. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 1993;42:39-42.
  5. Chaulk J, Carbonneau M, Qamar H, et al.  Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant spontaneous bacterial peritonitis:  a single-centre experience and summary of existing studies.  Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;28:83-8.
  6. Chavez-Tapia NC, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Tellez-Avila FI, et al.  Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (review). Cochrane Database Systematic Rev 2010, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD002907. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002907.pub2
  7. Dupeyron C, Mangeney N, Sedrati L, et al.  Rapid emergence of quinolone resistance in cirrhotic patients treated with norfloxacin to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:340-4.
  8. European Association for the Study of the Liver.  EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2018;69:406-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.024
  9. Fernandez J, Tandon P, Mensa J, et al.  Antibiotic prophylaxis in cirrhosis: good and bad. Hepatol 2016;63:2019-31. 
  10. Frazee LA, Marinos AE, Rybarczyk AM, et al.  Long-term prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis.  Ann Pharmacother 2005:39;908-12.
  11. Gilbert J, Kamath P.  Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an update.  Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:365-70.
  12. Gines P, Rimola A, Planas R, et al.  Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis:  results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Hepatology 1990;12:716-24.
  13. Glaess SS, Attridge R, Brady RL, et al.  Evaluation of prophylactic antibiotic regimens on recurrence and mortality in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.  Annals Hepatol 2019;18:841-8.
  14. Hoefs J.  Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis:  prevention and therapy.  Hepatology 1990;2:776-81.
  15. Komolafe O, Roberts D, Freeman SC, et al.  Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis.  Cochrane Database Systematic Rev https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013125.pub2
  16. Levy MJ, DiPalma JA.  New options for spontaneous bacterial prophylaxis: costly or cost effective? Gastroenterol 1996;91:1050-1.
  17. Mihas AA, Toussaint J, Sh Hsu H, et al.  Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: clinical and laboratory features, survival and prognostic indicators. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1992;39:520-2.
  18. Rimola L, Bory F, Teres J, et al.  Oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics prevent infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage.  Hepatology 1985;5:463-7.
  19. Rolachon A, Cordier L, Bacq Y, et al.  Ciprofloxacin and long-term prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a prospective controlled trial.  Hepatol 1995;22:1171-4.
  20. Runyon BA.  Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis.  Hepatology 2004;39:1-16.
  21. Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis:an update. Hepatology 2009;49:2087-107.
  22. Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: update 2012.  AASLD. 
  23. Schaad VB, Wedgwood J.  Ceftriaxone versus cefuroxime for meningitis in children. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1821.
  24. Schubert M, Sanyal A, Wong E.  Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?  Gastroenterol 1991;101:550-7.
  25. Segarra-Newnham M, Henneman A.  Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients without gastrointestinal bleeding.  Ann Pharmacother 2010:44.
  26. Singh N, Gayowski T, Yu VL, et al.  Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:595-8.
  27. Soriano G, Guarner C, Teixiso M, et al.  Selective intestinal decontamination prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterol 1991;100:477-81.
  28. Soriano G, Guarner C, Tomas A, et al.  Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage.  Gastroenterol 1992;103:1267-72.
  29. Such J, Runyon BA.  Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:669-76.
  30. Toledo C, Salmeron JM, Rimola A, et al.  Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: predictive factors of infection resolution and survival in patients treated with cefotaxime. Hepatology 1993;17:251-7.
  31. Trikudanathan G, Isreal J, Cappa J, et al.  Association between proton pump inhibitors and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients - a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Int J Clin Pract 2011:65;674-8.

Peritonitis

  1. Ball CG, Hansen G, Harding GKM, et al.  Canadian practice guidelines for surgical intra-abdominal infections.  Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2010:21;11-37.
  2. Fitzmaurice GJ, McWilliams B, Hurreiz H, et al.  Antibiotics versus appendectomy in the management of acute appendicitis:  a review of the current evidence.  Can J Surg 2011.
  3. Laterre PF.  Progress in medical management of intra-abdominal infection.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008:21;393-8.
  4. Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS. et al.  Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children:  guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2010:50;133-64.

2° Peritonitis

  1. Bartlett JG.  Intra-abdominal sepsis. Med Clin N Amer 1995;79:599-617.
  2. Bennion RS, Thompson JE, Baron EJ, et al.  Gangrenous and perforated appendicitis with peritonitis: treatment and bacteriology. Clin Ther 1990;12:31-44.
  3. Bohnen JMA, Solomkin JS, Dellinger EP, et al.  Guidelines for clinical care: anti-infective agents for intra-abdominal infection.  A surgical infection society policy statement. Arch Surg 1992;127:83-9.
  4. de Wijkerslooth EML, Boerma EJG, van Rossem CC, et al.  2 days versus 5 days of postoperative antibiotics for complex appendicitis: a pragmatic, open-label, multicentre, noninferiority randomised trial.  Lancet 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02588-0.
  5. DiPiro JT.  Considerations for therapy of mixed infections: focus on intraabdominal infection.  Pharmacother 1995;15:15-21S.
  6. Fraser Health Antimicrobial Stewardship Program.  Intra-abdominal infections.  ASP Handbook. Aug 17, 2021
  7. Gorbach SL.  Intraabdominal infections. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:961-7.
  8. Johnson CC, Baldessarre J, Levison ME.  Peritonitis: update on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:1035-47.
  9. Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, et al.  The Surgical Infection Society revised
    guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection.  Surg Infect 2017;18:1-76.
  10. Marcus G, Levy S, Salhab G, et al.  Intra-abdominal infections: the role of anaerobes,
    enterococci, fungi, and multidrug-resistant organisms.  Open Forum Infect Dis 2016:1-7. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw232
  11. Mazuski JE, Sawyer RG, Nathens AB, et al.  The Surgical Infection Society guidelines on antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections:  an executive summary.  Surgical Infections 2002;161-73.
  12. McClean KL, Sheehan GJ, Harding GKM.  Intraabdominal infection: a review. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:100-16.
  13. Morvan AC, Hengy B, Garrouste-Orgeas M, et al.  Impact of species and antibiotic therapy of enterococcal peritonitis on 30-day mortality in critical care - an analysis of the OUTCOMEREA database.  Crit Care 2019;23:307.  
  14. Nathens AB, Rotstein OD.  Therapeutic options in peritonitis. Surg Clin N Amer 1994;74:677-92.
  15. Nichols RL, et al.  Wound and intraabdominal infections: microbiological considerations and approaches to treatment.  Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:266-72.
  16. Podnos YD, Jimenez JC, Wilson SE.  Intra-abdominal sepsis in elderly persons.  Clin Infect Dis 2002:35;62-8.
  17. Rotstein OD, Pruett TL, Simmons RL.  Mechanisms of microbial synergy in polymicrobial surgical infections.  Rev Infect Dis 1985;7:151-70.
  18. Sawyer MD, Dunn DL.  Antimicrobial therapy of intra-abdominal sepsis. Infect Dis Clin N Amer 1992;6:545-70.
  19. Sartelli M, Catena F, Ansaloni L, et al.  Complicated intra-abdominal infections in
    Europe: a comprehensive review of the CIAO study.  World J Emerg Surg 2012;7:36.  https://www.wjes.org/content/7/1/36
  20. Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB, et al.  Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection.  N Engl J Med 2015;372:1996-2005.
  21. Solomkin JS, Dellinger EP, Christou NV, et al.  Results of a multicenter trial comparing imipenem/cilastatin to tobramycin/clindamycin for intra-abdominal infections.  Ann Surg 1990;212:581-91.
  22. Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Baron EJ, et al.  Guidelines for the selection of anti-infective agents for complicated intra-abdominal infections.  Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:997-1005.
  23. The CODA Collaborative.  A randomized trial comparing antibiotics with appendectomy for appendicitis.  N Engl J Med 2020;383:1907-19.  DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2014320
  24. Zhang J, Yu WQ, Chen W, et al.  Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy
    of appropriate empiric anti-enterococcal therapy for intra-abdominal infection.  Surg Infect 2021;22:131-43. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2020.001

PD Peritonitis

  1. Anwar N, Merchant M, Were T, et al.  A prospective, randomized study of the comparative safety and efficacy of intraperitoneal imipenem versus vancomycin and netilmicin in the treatment of peritonitis on CAPD.  Perit Dial Int 1995;15:167–71.
  2. Baker RJ, Senior H, Clemenger M, et al.  Empirical aminoglycosides for peritonitis do not affect residual renal function.  Am J Kid Dis 2003;41:670-5.
  3. Bailie GR.  Therapeutic dilemmas in the management of peritonitis.  Perit Dial Int 2005;25:152-6.
  4. Burkart JM, Bleyer A.  Tunnel and peritoneal catheter exit site infections in continuous peritoneal dialysis.  UpToDate May 2017.
  5. Dasgupta MK.  CAPD peritonits protocol update:1997.
  6. deFreitas DG, Gokal R.  Sterile peritonitis in the peritoneal dialysis patient.  Perit Dial Int 2005;25:146-51.
  7. Horton MW, Deeter RG, Sherman RA. Treatment of peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Pharm 1990;9:102-18.
  8. Keane WF, Bailie GR, Boeschoten E. et al.  Adult peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis treatment recommendations:  2000 update.  www.ispd.org/2000_treatment_recommendations.html
  9. Li PKT, Chow KM, Cho Y, et al.  ISPD peritonitis guideline recommendations:  2022 update on prevention and treatment.  Perit Dial Int 2022;42:110-53.
  10. Li PKT, Szeto CC, Piraino B, et al.  Peritoneal dialysis-related infections recommendations:  2010 update.  Perit Dial Int 2010:30;393-423.
  11. Li PKT, Szeto CC, Piraino B, et al.  Peritoneal dialysis-related infections recommendations:  2016 update.  Perit Dial Int 2016:36;481-508.
  12. Millikin SP, Matzke GR, Keane WF.  Antimicrobial treatment of peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.  Perit Dialysis Internat 1991;11:252-60.
  13. O’Brien MA, Mason NA.  Systemic absorption of intraperitoneal antimicrobials in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Pharm 1992;11:246-54.
  14. Peterson PK, Matzke G, Keane WF.  Current concepts in the management of peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9:604-12.
  15. Piraino B, Bailie GR, Bernardini J, et al.  ISPD guidelines/recommendations.  Peritoneal dialysis-related infections recommendations:  2005 update.  Perit Dial Int 2005;25:107-131.
  16. Prowant B, Nolph K, Ryan L, et al.  Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis:  analysis of an 8-year experience.  Nephron 1986;43:105-9.
  17. Prophylaxis for exit site/tunnel infections using mupirocin.  Nephrology 2004;9:S86-90.
  18. Sahlawi MA, Bargman JM, Perl J.  Peritoneal dialysis–associated peritonitis: suggestions for management and mistakes to avoid.  Kidney Med 2020;2:467-75.
  19. Saklayen MG.  CAPD peritonitis: incidence, pathogens, diagnosis, and management. Med Clin N Amer 1990;74:997-1010.
  20. Salzer W.  Antimicrobial-resistant gram-positive bacteria in PD peritonitis and the newer antibiotics used to treat them.  Perit Dial Int 2005;25:313-9.
  21. Shemin D, Maaz D, St. Pierre D, et al.  Effect of aminoglycoside use on residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients.  Am J Kidney Dis 1999;34:14-20.
  22. Silva MM, Pecoits-Filho R, Rocha CS, et al.  The recommendations from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis for Peritonitis Treatment:  a single-center historical comparison.  Adv Perit Dial 2004;20:74-7.
  23. Szeto CC.  The new ISPD peritonitis guideline.  Renal Replacement Ther 2018;4:7-11.
  24. Szeto CC, Li PKT, Johnson DW, et al.  ISPD catheter-related infection recommendations:  2017 update.  Perit Dial Int 2017;37:141-54.
  25. Uttley L, Vardhan A, Mahajan S, et al.  Decrease in infections with the introduction of mupirocin cream at the peritoneal dialysis catheter exit site.  J Nephrol 2004;17:242-5.
  26. von Graevenitz A, Amsterdam D.  Microbiological aspects of peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992;5:36-48.
  27. Warady BA, Bakkaloglu S, Newland J, et al.  Consensus guidelines for the prevention and treatment of catheter-related infections and peritonitis in pediatric patients receiving peritoneal dialysis:  2012 update.  Perit Dial Int 2012;32:29-86.
  28. Warady BA, Schaefer F, Holloway M, et al.  Consensus guidelines for the treatment of peritonitis in pediatric patients receiving peritoneal dialysis.  Perit Dial Int 2000;20:610-24.
  29. Yeung SM, Walker SE, Tailor SA, et al.  Pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis.  Perit Dial Int 2004;24:447-53.
  30. Zelenitsky S, Ariano R, Harding G.  A reevaluation of empiric therapy for peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis.  Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:559-61.

Pancreatitis

  1. Baron TH, Morgan DE.  Acute necrotizing pancreatitis.  N Engl J Med 1999;340:1412-7.
  2. Boxhoorn L, van Dijk SM, van Grinsven J, et al.  Immediate versus postponed intervention for infected necrotizing pancreatitis.  N Engl J Med 2021;385:1372-81  https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2100826
  3. Buchler MW, Gloor B, Muller CA, et al.  Acute necrotizing pancreatitis:  treatment strategy according to the status of infection.  Ann Surg 2000;232:619-26.
  4. Frossard JL, Steer ML, Pastor CM.  Acute pancreatitis.  Lancet  2008;371:143-52.
  5. Gloor B, Muller CA, Worni M, et al.  Pancreatic infection in severe pancreatitis.  The role of fungus and multiresistant organisms.  Arch Surg 2001;136:592-6.
  6. Greer SE, Burchard KW.  Acute pancreatitis and critical illness.  A pancreatic tale of hypoperfusion and inflammation.  Chest 2009;136:1413-9.
  7. Gupta K, Wu B.  Acute pancreatitis.  Ann Intern Med 2010;Nov:ITC5-1-16.
  8. Kingsnorth A, O'Reilly D.  Acute pancreatitis.  BMJ 2006;332:1072-6.
  9. Leppaniemi A, Tolonen M, Tarasconi A, et al.  2019 WSES guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis.  World J Emerg Surg 2019;14:27.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-019-0247-0
  10. Marshall JB.  Acute pancreatitis: a review with an emphasis on new developments. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1185-98.
  11. Segarra-Newnham M, Hough A.  Antibiotic prophylaxis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis revisited.  Ann Pharmacother 2009;43:1486-95.
  12. Whitcomb DC.  Acute pancreatitis.  N Engl J Med 2006;354:2142-50. 

Liver abscess

  1. Branum GD, Tyson GS, Branum MA, et al.  Hepatic abscess:  changes in etiology, diagnosis, and management.  Ann Surg 1990;212:655-62.
  2. Decre D, Verdet C, Emirian A, et al.  Emerging severe and fatal infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae in two university hospitals in France.  J Clin Microbiol 2011:49;3012-4.
  3. Fang CT, Lai SY, Yi WC, et al.  Klebsiella pneumoniae genotype K1:  an emerging pathogen that causes septic ocular or central nervous system complications from pyogenic liver abscess.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:284-93.
  4. Lee SSJ, Chen YS, Tsai HC, et al.  Predictors of septic metastatic infection and mortality among patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess.  Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:642-50.
  5. Sharma S, Ahuja V.  Liver abscess: complications and treatment. Clin Liver Dis 2021;18:122-6.
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