Urinary Tract

  1. Abbo LM, Hooton TM.  Antimicrobial stewardship and urinary tract infections.  Antibiotics 2014;3:174-92.
  2. Allais JM, Preheim LC, Cuevas TA, et al.  Randomized, double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for complicated urinary tract infections.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:1327-30.
  3. Allen VM, Yudin MH.  Management of group B streptococcal bacteriuria in pregnancy.  J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2012;34:482-6.
  4. Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics.  UTI treatment at a turning point:  Improving antimicrobial prescribing for uncomplicated UTIs in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance.  Summary of proceedings June 10, 2003 roundtable.
  5. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases.  The use of systemic fluoroquinolones.  Pediatrics 2006;118:1287-92.
  6. American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management.  Urinary tract infection:  clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months.  Pediatrics 2011;128:595-610.
  7. Antonio MEE, Cassandra BGC, Emiliano RJD, et al.  Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the first 2 months after kidney transplant: A controlled clinical trial.  Transplant Infect Dis 2022.   https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.13934
  8. Aydin A, Ahmed K, Zaman I, et al.  Recurrent urinary tract infections in women.  Int Urogynecol J 2015;26:795-804.
  9. Barry AL.  Nitrofurantoin susceptibility test criteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990;25:711-13.
  10. Barbosa-Cesnik C, Brown MB, Buxton M, et al.  Cranberry juice fails to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection:  results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:23-30.
  11. Beerepoot MAJ, Geerlings SE, van Haarst EP, et al.  Nonantibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections:  a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.  J Urology 2013;190:1981-9.
  12. Boscia JA, Abrutyn E, Kaye D.  Asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly persons: treat or do not treat?  Ann Intern Med 1987;106:764-6.
  13. Bouvet C, Lubbeke A, Bandi C, et al.  Is there any benefit in pre-operative urinary analysis before elective total joint replacement?  Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:390-4.
  14. Bryson AL, Bhalodi A, Liesman RM, et al.  Cefazolin as a predictor of urinary cephalosporin activity in indicated Enterobacterales.  J Clin Microbiol 2024;62:1-11.
  15. Cai T, Mazzoli S, Mondaini N, et al.  The role of asymptomatic bacteriuria in young women with recurrent urinary tract infections:  to treat or not to treat?  Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:771-7.
  16. Car J.  Urinary tract infections in women:  diagnosis and management in primary care.  BMJ 2006;332:94-7.
  17. Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection.  Practice parameter:  the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children.  Pediatrics 1999;103:843-52.
  18. Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, et al.  Recurrent urinary tract infections in children - risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials.  JAMA 2007;298:179-86.
  19. Cordero-Ampuero J, Gonzalez-Fernandez E, Martinez-Velez D, et al.  Are antibiotics necessary in hip arthroplasty with asymptomatic bacteriuria?  Seeding risk with/without treatment.  Clin Orthop Relat Res 2013;471:3822-9.
  20. Coussement J, Kamar N, Matignon M, et al.  Antibiotics versus no therapy in kidney transplant recipients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (BiRT): a pragmatic, multicentre, randomized, controlled trial.  Clin Microb Infect 2021;27:398-405.
  21. Craig JC, Simpson JM, Williams GJ, et al.  Antibiotic prophylaxis and recurrent urinary tract infection in children.  N Engl J Med 2009;361:1748-59.
  22. Dai B, Liu Y, Jia J, et al.  Long-term antibiotics for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children:  a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Arch Dis Child 2010;95:499-508.
  23. De Gier R, Karperien A, Bouter K, et al. A sequential study of intravenous and oral fleroxacin for 7 or 14 days in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1995;6:27-30.
  24. Delzell JE Jr, Lefevre ML.  Urinary tract infections during pregnancy.  Am Fam Physician 2000;61:713-21.
  25. Dick PT, Feldman W.  Routine diagnostic imaging for childhood urinary tract infections: a systematic overview.  J Pediatr 1996;128:15-22.
  26. Dinh A, Davido B, Etienne M, et al. Is 5 days of oral fluoroquinolone enough for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis? The DTP randomized trial. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017;36:1443-8.
  27. Drekonja DM, Rector TS, Cutting A, et al.  Urinary tract infection in male veterans.  JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:62-8.
  28. Drekonja DM, Trautner B, Amundson C, et al. Effect of 7 vs 14 days of antibiotic therapy on resolution of symptoms among afebrile men with urinary tract infection: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021;326:324-31. 
  29. Echols RM, Tosiello RL, Haverstock DC, et al.  Demographic, clinical, and treatment parameters influencing the outcome of acute cystitis.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:113-9.
  30. Eichenwald HF.  Some aspects of the diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in children and adolescents.  Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:760-5.
  31. Epp A, Larochelle A.  Recurrent urinary tract infection.  JOGC 2010;250:1082-90.
  32. EUCAST.  General consultation on aminopenicillin breakpoints for Enterobacterales.  EUCAST November 30, 2021 to January 14, 2022.
  33. Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Togias AG, et al.  Fosfomycin versus other antibiotics for the treatment of cystitis:  a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:1862-77.
  34. Falagas ME, Kastoris AC, Kapaskelis AM, et al.  Fosfomycin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing, Enterobacteriaceae infections:  a systematic review.  Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10:43-50.
  35. Finnell SME, Carroll AE, Downs SM, et al.  Technical Report - Diagnosis and management of an initial UTI in febrile infants and young children.  Pediatrics 2011;128:e749-70.
  36. Gagyor I, Bleidorn J, Kochen MM, et al.  Ibuprofen versus fosfomycin for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women:  randomised controlled trial.  BMJ 2015;351:h6544.
  37. Garau J.  Other antimicrobials of interest in the era of extended-spectrum β-lactamases:  fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and tigecycline.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2008;14(suppl 1):198-202.
  38. Geerlings SE, Beerepoot MAJ, Prins JM.  Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in women.  Antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial strategies.  Infect Dis Clin N Am 2014;28:135-47.
  39. Gilstrap LC, Ramin SM.  Urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2001;28:581-91.
  40. Gleckman RA.  Treatment duration for urinary tract infections in adults.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31:1-5.
  41. Gross PA, Patel B.  Reducing antibiotic overuse:  a call for a national performance measure for not treating asymptomatic bacteriuria.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:1335-7.
  42. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al.  International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women:  a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.  Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:e103-20.
  43. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Stamm WE.  Increasing antimicrobial resistance and the management of uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infections.  Ann Intern Med 2001;135:41-50.
  44. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, et al.  Short-course nitrofurantoin for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in women.  Arch Intern Med 2007;167:2207-12.
  45. Gupta K, Scholes D, Stamm WE.  Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens causing acute uncomplicated cystitis in women.  JAMA 1999;281:736-8.
  46. Harding G, et al.  The antibiotic puzzle: guidelines for the family physician. Can J Infect Dis 1997;8:1-16.
  47. Harding GKM, Ronald AR, Nicolle LE, et al.  Long-term antimicrobial prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infection in women.  Rev Infect Dis 1982;4:438-43.
  48. Harding GKM, Zhanel GG, Nicolle LE, et al.  Antimicrobial treatment in diabetic women with asymptomatic bacteriuria.  N Engl J Med 2002;347:1576-83.
  49. Hatton J, Hughes M, Raymond CH.  Management of bacterial urinary tract infections in adults. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:1264-72.
  50. Holland NH, Kazee M, Duff D, et al.  Antimicrobial prophylaxis in children with urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux.  Rev Infect Dis 1982;4:467-74.
  51. Hooton TM.  Uncomplicated urinary tract infection.  N Engl J Med 2012;366:1028-37.
  52. Hooton TM, Besser R, Foxman B, et al.  Acute uncomplicated cystitis in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance:  a proposed approach to empirical therapy.  Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:75-80.
  53. Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Cox ME, et al.  Voided midstream urine culture and acute cystitis in premenopausal women.  N Engl J Med 2013;369:1883-91.
  54. Hom J.  Are oral antibiotics equivalent to intravenous antibiotics for the initial management of pyelonephritis in children?  Paediatr Child Health 2010;15:150-2.
  55. Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, et al.  Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults:  2009 international clinical practice guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:625-63.
  56. Hooton TM, Scholes D, Gupta K, et al.  Amoxicillin-clavulanate vs ciprofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in women. JAMA 2005;293:949-55.
  57. Hooton TM, Scholes D, Stapleton AE, et al.  A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women.  N Engl J Med 2000;343:992-7.
  58. Hooton TM, Stamm WE.  Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin N Amer 1997;11:551-81.
  59. Hooton TM, Stamm WE.  Management of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults. Med Clin N Amer 1991;75:339-57.
  60. Hooton TM, Winter C, Tiu F, et al.  Randomized comparative trial and cost analysis of 3-day antimicrobial regimens for treatment of acute cystitis in women.  JAMA 1995;273:41-5.
  61. Horcajada JP, Shaw E, Padilla B, et al.  Healthcare-associated, community-acquired and hospital-acquired bacteraemic urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients:  a prospective multicentre cohort study in the era of antimicrobial resistance.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2013;19:962-8.
  62. Iravani A.  Advances in the understanding and treatment of urinary tract infections in young women.  Urology 1991;37:503-11.
  63. Jacobsen SM, Stickler DJ, Mobley HLT, et al.  Complicated catheter-associated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis.  Clin Microbiol Rev 2008;21:26-59.
  64. Jepson RG, Williams G, Craig JC.  Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections (Review).  Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 10.  Art. No.:CD001321.
  65. Johnson JR, Russo TA.  Acute pyelonephritis in adults.  N Engl J Med 2018;378:48-59.
  66. Johnson JR, Stamm WE.  Urinary tract infections in women: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:906-17.
  67. Keren R, Carpenter MA, Hoberman A, et al.  Rationale and design issues of the randomized intervention for children with vesicoureteral reflux (RIVUR) study.  Pediatrics 2008;122:S240-50.
  68. Khan AJ, Kumar K, Evans HE.  Single-dose gentamicin therapy of recurrent urinary tract infection in patients with normal urinary tracts.  J Pediatr 1987;110:131-5.
  69. Klausner HA, Brown P, Peterson J, et al. A trial of levofloxacin 750 mg once daily for 5 days versus ciprofloxacin 400 mg and/or 500 mg twice daily for 10 days in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis. Current medical research and opinion 2007;23:2637-45.
  70. Kunin CM.  Urinary tract infections in females. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:1-12.
  71. Le TP, Miller LG.  Empirical therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance:  a decision and cost analysis.  Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:615-21.
  72. Leisure MK, Dudley SM, Donowitz LG.  Does a clean-catch urine sample reduce bacterial contamination? N Engl J Med 1993;328:289-90.
  73. Lin K, Fajardo K.  Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults:  evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement.  Ann Intern Med 2008;149:W20-4.
  74. Lipsky BA.  Urinary tract infections in men: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:138-50.
  75. Lo E, Nicolle LE, Coffin SE, et al.  Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals:  2014 update.  Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:464-79.
  76. Lohr JA, Donowitz LG, Sadler JE.  Hospital-acquired urinary tract infection.  Pediatrics 1989;83:193-9.
  77. Luchsinger IS.  Urinary tract infections: management update. Can J CME 1994;Apr:87-94.
  78. Maki DG.  Review:  antibiotic prophylaxis on removal of urinary catheters reduces symptomatic urinary tract infections.  ACP 2013;159:JC9.
  79. Marschall J, Carpenter CR, Fowler S, et al.  Antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections after removal of urinary catheter:  meta-analysis.  BMJ 2013;346:f3147.
  80. Masson P, Matheson S, Webster AC, et al.  Meta-analyses in prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections.  Infect Dis Clin N Am 2009:23:355-85.
  81. Mehnert-Kay SA.  Diagnosis and management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.  Am Fam Physician 2005;72:451-6, 458.
  82. Micali S, Isgro G, Bianchi G, et al.  Cranberry and recurrent cystitis:  more than marketing?  Crit Rev Food Science Nutrition 2014;54:1063-75.
  83. Millar LK, Cox SM.  Urinary tract infections complicating pregnancy.  Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997:11:13-26.
  84. Miller O, Hemphill RR.  Urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis.  Emerg Med Clin North Am 2001:19:655-74.
  85. Mody L, Juthani-Mehta M.  Urinary tract infections in older women. A clinical review.  JAMA 2014;311:844-54.
  86. Mogle BT, Beccari MV, Steele JM, et al. Clinical considerations for oral beta-lactams as step-down therapy for Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019;20:903-7. DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1594774.
  87. Molina J, Montero-Matos E, Praena-Segovia J, et al. Seven versus 14-day course of antibiotics for the treatment of bloodstream infections by Enterobacterales. A randomized, controlled trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;28:550-7.
  88. Montini G, Tullus K, Hewitt I.  Febrile urinary tract infections in children.  N Engl J Med 2011;365:239-50.
  89. Mori R, Fitzgerald A, Williams C, et al.  Antibiotic prophylaxis for children at risk of developing urinary tract infection:  a systematic review.  Acta Paediatrica 2009;98:1781-6.
  90. Mori R, Lakhanpaul M, Verrier-Jones K.  Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in children:  summary of NICE guidance.  BMJ 2007;335:395-7.
  91. Mowlaboccus S, Daley DA, Birdsall J, et al.  Molecular characterisation of fosfomycin-resistant Escherichia coli urinary tract infection isolates from Australia.  Clin Microbiol Infect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.04.029.
  92. Neu HC.  Trimethoprim alone for treatment of urinary tract infection.  Rev Infect Dis 1982;4:366-71.
  93. Nicolle LE.  A practical guide to antimicrobial management of complicated urinary tract infection.  Drugs & Aging 2001;18:243-54.
  94. Nicolle LE.  Asymptomatic bacteriuria – Important or not?  N Engl J Med 2000;343:1037-9.
  95. Nicolle LE.  Asymptomatic bacteriuria.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014;27:90-6.
  96. Nicolle LE.  Complicated urinary tract infection in adults.  Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2005;16:349-60.
  97. Nicolle LE.  Epidemiology of urinary tract infections.  Clin Microbiol Newsletter 2002;24:135-40.
  98. Nicolle LE.  Urinary tract infection in long term-care facility residents.  Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:757-61.
  99. Nicolle LE.  Urinary infection in the elderly.  Mod Med 1990;45:556-63.
  100. Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, et al.  Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults.  Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:643-54.
  101. Nigrin J.  Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections.  Capital Health/DKML Laboratory Bulletin 1995;1:1-6.
  102. Norrby SR.  Short-term treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infecions in women.  Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:458-67.
  103. Ooi ST, Frazee LA, Gardner WG.  Management of asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with diabetes mellitus.  Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:490-3.
  104. Oreskovic NM, Sembrano EU.  Repeat urine cultures in children who are admitted with urinary tract infections.  Pediatrics 2007;119:e325-9.
  105. Oteo J, Perez-Vazquez M, Campos J.  Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli:  changing epidemiology and clinical impact.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010;23:320-6.
  106. Pallett A, Hand K.  Complicated urinary tract infections:  practical solutions for the treatment of multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65(suppl 3):iii25-33.
  107. Pappas PG.  Laboratory in the diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections.  Med Clin North Am 1991;75:313-25.
  108. Peterson J, Kaul S, Khashab M, et al. A double-blind, randomized comparison of levofloxacin 750 mg once-daily for five days with ciprofloxacin 400/500 mg twice-daily for 10 days for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and acute pyelonephritis. Urology 2008;71:17-22.
  109. Platt R.  Quantitative definition of bacteriuria.  Am J Med 1983;44-51.
  110. Preiksaitis J.  Capital Health Protocol: UTI kidney transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15.
  111. Raz R, Stamm WE.  A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med 1993;329:753-6.
  112. Robinson JL, Finlay JC, Lang ME, et al.  Prophylactic antibiotics for children with recurrent urinary tract infections.  Paediatr Child Health 2015;20:45-7.
  113. Robinson JL, Finlay JC, Lang ME, et al.  Urinary tract infection in infants and children:  Diagnosis and management.  Paediatr Child Health 2014;19:315-9.
  114. Rodriguez-Bano J, Navarro MD.  Extended-spectrum β-lactamases in ambulatory care:  a clinical perspective.  Clin Microbial Infect 2008;14(suppl 1):104-10.
  115. Rodriguez-Gascon A, Aguirre-Quinonero A, Canut-Blasco A.  Are oral cefuroxime axetil, cefixime and cefditoren pivoxil adequate to treat uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis after switching from intravenous therapy?  A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic perspective.  Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) 2020;38:306-11.
  116. Rogers BA, Sidjabat HE, Paterson DL.  Escherichia coli 025b-ST131:  a pandemic, multiresistant, community-associated strain.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:1-14.
  117. Ronald AR, Conway B.  An approach to urinary tract infections in ambulatory women.  Curr Clin Topics Infect Dis 1988;76-125.
  118. Ronald AR.  Current concepts in the management of urinary tract infections in adults.  Med Clin N Amer 1984;68:335-49.
  119. Rowe TA, Juthani-Mehta M.  Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in older adults.  Infect Dis Clin North Am 2014;28:75-89.
  120. Saadeh SA, Mattoo TK.  Managing urinary tract infections.  Pediatr Nephrol 2011;26:1967-76.
  121. Sandberg T, Skoog G, Hermansson AB, et al. Ciprofloxacin for 7 days versus 14 days in women with acute pyelonephritis: a randomised, open-label and double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2012;380:484-90.
  122. Shapiro ED.  Infections of the urinary tract.  Pediatr Inf Dis J 1992;11:165-8.
  123. Shuman EK, Chenoweth CE.  Recognition and prevention of healthcare-associated urinary tract infections in the intensive care unit.  Crit Care Med 2010;38:S373-9.
  124. Silver SA, Baillie L, Simor AE.  Positive urine cultures:  a major cause of inappropriate antimicrobial use in hospitals?  Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2009;20:107-11.
  125. Smellie JM, Gruneberg RN, Bantock HM, et al.  Prophylactic co-trimoxazole and trimethoprim in the management of urinary tract infection in children.  Pediatr Nephrol 1988;2:12-17.
  126. Smellie JM, Gruneberg RN, Leakey A, et al.  Long-term low-dose co-trimoxazole in prophylaxis of childhood urinary tract infection:  clinical aspects.  Brit Med J 1976;2:203-6.
  127. Smellie JM, Gruneberg RN, Normand ICS, et al.  Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim alone in the prophylaxis of childhood urinary tract infection.  Rev Infect Dis 1982;4:461-6.
  128. Sousa R, Munoz-Mahamud E, Quayle J, et al.  Is asymptomatic bacteriuria a risk factor for prosthetic joint infection?  Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:41-7.
  129. Spencer JR, Schaeffer AJ.  Pediatric urinary tract infections. Urol Clin North Am 1986;13:661-72.
  130. Stamm WE, Counts GW, Running KR, et al.  Diagnosis of coliform infection in acutely dysuric women.  N Engl J Med 1982;307:463-8.
  131. Stamm WE, Hooton TM.  Management of urinary tract infections in adults. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1328-34.
  132. Swerkesson S, Jodal U, Ahren C, et al.  Urinary tract infection in infants: the significance of low bacterial count.  Pediatr Nephrol 2016;31:239-45.
  133. Talan DA, Stamm WE, Hooton TM, et al.  Comparison of ciprofloxacin (7 days) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14 days) for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women: a randomized trial.  JAMA 2000;283:1583-90.
  134. ten Doesschate T, Hendriks K, van Werkhoven CH, et al.  Nitrofurantoin 100 mg versus 50 mg prophylaxis for urinary tract infections, a cohort study.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2022;28:248-54.
  135. Tenke P, Koves B, Johansen TEB.  An upate on prevention and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014;27:102-7.
  136. Trautner BW.  Asymptomatic bacteriuria:  when the treatment is worse than the disease.  Nat Rev Urol 2012;9:85-93.
  137. Trautner BW.  Management of catheter-associated urinary tract infection.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010;23:76-82.
  138. Trautner BW, Bhimani RD, Amspoker AB, et al.  Development and validation of an algorithm to recalibrate mental models and reduce diagnostic errors associated with catheter-associated bacteriuria.  BMC Med Informatics Decision Making 2013;13:48.
  139. U.S. Preventative Services Task Force.  Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults:  U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement.  Ann Intern Med 2008;149:43-7.
  140. van Nieuwkoop C, van der Starre WE, Stalenhoef JE, et al. Treatment duration of febrile urinary tract infection: a pragmatic randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled non-inferiority trial in men and women. BMC Medicine 2017;15:70-8.
  141. von Dach E, Albrich WC, Brunel AS, et al. Effect of C-reactive protein-guided antibiotic treatment duration, 7-day treatment, or 14-day treatment on 30-day clinical failure rate in patients with uncomplicated gram-negative bacteremia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020;323:2160-9.
  142. Wang CH, Fang CC, Chen NC, et al.  Cranberry-containing products for prevention of urinary tract infections in susceptible populations.  Arch Intern Med 2012;172:988-96.
  143. Warren JW, Abrutyn E, Hebel JR, et al.  Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:745-58.
  144. Widmer M, Gulmezoglu AM, Mignini L, et al.  Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (Review).  Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 12. Art. No.:CD000491.
  145. Williams G, Craig JC.  Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009;22:72-6.
  146. Williams GJ, Macaskill P, Chan SF, et al.  Absolute and relative accuracy of rapid urine tests for urinary tract infection in children:  a meta-analysis.  Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10:240-50.
  147. Winn WR, Silton J, Finegold SM.  In vitro sensitivity to nitrofurantoin compared with clinical bacteriological response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1964;582-90.
  148. Yahav D, Franceschini E, Koppel F, et al. Seven versus fourteen days of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated Gram-negative bacteremia: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2019;69:1091-8.