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Respiratory

  1. Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, et al.  Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections - full version.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17(suppl 6):E1-59.
  2. Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, et al.  Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections - summary.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17(suppl 6):1-24.   

Pharyngitis

  1. Adam D, Scholz H, Helmerking M.  Short-course antibiotic treatment of 4782 culture-proven cases of group A Streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis and incidence of poststreptococcal sequelae.  J Infect Dis 2000;182:509-16.
  2. Bass JW, Person DA, Chan DS.  Twice-daily oral penicillin for treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis: less is best.  Pediatrics 2000;423-4.
  3. Bisno AL.  Are cephalosporins superior to penicilin for treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis?  Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1535-7.
  4. Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, et al.  Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis.  Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:113-25.
  5. Bisno AL, Peter GS, Kaplan EL.  Diagnosis of strep throat in adults:  are clinical criteria really good enough?  Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:126-9.
  6. Brink WR, Rammelkamp CH, Denny FW, et al.  Effect of penicillin and aureomycin on the natural course of streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Am J Med 1951;10:300-8.
  7. Brook I.  ß-lactamase-producing bacteria in mixed infections.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:777-84.
  8. Casey JR, Pichichero ME.  Higher dosages of azithromycin are more effective in treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis.  Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1748-55.
  9. Casey JR, Pichichero ME.  Meta-analysis of cephalosporins verus penicillin for treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in adults.  Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1526-34.
  10. Casey JR, Pichichero ME.  Meta-analysis of cephalosporin versus penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children.  Pediatrics 2004;113:866-82.
  11. Casey JR, Pichichero ME.  Metaanalysis of short course antibiotic treatment for group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis.  Ped Infect Dis J 2005;24:909-17.
  12. Catanzaro FJ, Stetson CA, Morris AJ, et al.  The role of the streptococcus in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever. Am J Med 1954;17:749-56.
  13. Centor RM, Witherspoon JM, Dalton HP, et al. The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room. Med Dec Making 1981;1:239-46.
  14. Choby BA.  Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis.  Am Fam Physician 2009;79:383-90.
  15. Cimolai N, Elford RW, Bryan L, et al. Do the b-haemolytic non-group A Streptococci cause pharyngitis? Rev Infect Dis 1988;10:587-601.
  16. Clarridge JE.  The recognition and significance of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum.  Clin Microbiol Newsletter 1989;11:41-5.
  17. Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR, Bartlett JG, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults:  background.  Ann Intern Med 2001;134:509-17.
  18. Davies HD, Low DE, Schwartz B, et al. Evaluation of short-course therapy with cefixime or rifampin for eradication of pharyngeally carried group A Streptococci. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1294-6.
  19. Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB.  Antibiotics for sore throat.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Issue 3, 2004.
  20. DKML. Laboratory diagnosis and management of bacterial pharyngitis. 1996;1
  21. Ebell MH, Smith MA, Barry HC, et al.  Does this patient have strep throat?  JAMA 2000;284:2912-8.
  22. El Daher N, Hijazi S, Rawashdeh N, et al.  Immediate vs. delayed treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin V. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991;10:126-30.
  23. Feder HM, Gerber MA, Randolph MF, et al.  Once-daily therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis with amoxicillin.  Pediatrics 1999;103:47-51.
  24. Fine AM, Nizet V, Mandl KD.  Large-scale validation of the Centor and McIsaac scores to predict group A streptococcal pharyngitis.  Arch Intern Med 2012;172:847-52.
  25. Gerber M, Spadaccini L, Wright L, et al.  Twice daily penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child 1985;139:1145-8.
  26. Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, et al.  Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis.  Circulation 2009;119:1541-51.
  27. Gerber MA, Randolph MF, Martin NJ, et al.  Community-wide outbreak of group G Streptococcal pharyngitis.  Pediatrics 1991;87:598-603.
  28. Gillespie SH.  Failure of penicillin in Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngeal infection.  Lancet 1998;352:1954-6.
  29. Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee.  Treatment of group A Streptococcal pharyngitis. Can J Infect Dis 1997;8:17-18.
  30. Jensen JH, Larsen SB. Treatment of recurrent acute tonsillitis with clindamycin: an alternative to tonsillectomy? Clin Otolaryngol 1991;16:498-500.
  31. Lan AJ, Colford Jr JM.  The impact of dosing frequency on the efficacy of 10-day penicillin or amoxicillin therapy for streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: a meta-analysis.  Pediatrics 2000;105:e19.
  32. Kociolek LK, Shulman ST.  Pharyngitis.  Ann Intern Med 2012;ITC3:1-16.
  33. McIsaac WJ, White D, Tannenbaum D, et al.  A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat.  Can Med Assoc J 1998;158:75-83.
  34. Orrling A, Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Schalen C, et al.  Clindamycin in persisting streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis after penicillin treatment.  Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:535-41.
  35. Parsons WD.  The diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Can Fam Physician 1987;33:1445-8.
  36. Peter G.  Streptococcal pharyngitis: current therapy and criteria for evaluation of new agents. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:S218-23.
  37. Pichichero ME. Cephalosporins are superior to penicillin for treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis:is the difference worth it? Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12:268-74.
  38. Pichichero ME, Margolis PA.  A comparison of cephalosporins and penicillins in the treatment of group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis: a meta-analysis supporting the concept of microbial co-pathogenicity. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991;10:275-81.
  39. Sauve LA, Forrester M, Top KA.  Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment.  Paediatr Child Health 2021;26(5):319.
  40. Schwartz B, Marcy SM, Phillips WR, et al.  Pharyngitis – principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents.  Pediatrics 1998;101:171-3.
  41. Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al.  Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis:  2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:e86-102.
  42. Shulman ST, Gerber MA.  So what's wrong with penicillin for strep throat?  Pediatrics 2004;113:1816-9.
  43. Shulman ST, Gerber MA, Tanz RR, et al.  Streptococcal pharyngitis: the case for penicillin therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:1-7.
  44. Snow S, Mottur-Pilson C, Cooper RJ, et al.  Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults.  Ann Intern Med 2001;134:506-8.
  45. Tan JS.  Treatment recommendations for acute pharyngitis.  Curr Treatment Options Infect Dis 2003;5:143-50.
  46. Tanz RR, Poncher JR, Corydon KE, et al. Clindamycin treatment of chronic pharyngeal carriage of group A Streptococci. J Pediatr 1991;119:123-8.
  47. Tanz RR, Shulman ST, Barthel MJ, et al.  Penicillin plus rifampin eradicates pharyngeal carriage of group A streptococci.  J Pediatr 1985;106:876-80.
  48. Tanz RR, Shulman ST, Sroka PA, et al.  Lack of influence of beta-lactamase producing flora on recovery of group A streptococci after treatment of acute pharyngitis.  J Pediatr 1990;117:859-63.
  49. Wessels MR.  Streptococcal pharyngitis.  N Engl J Med 2011;364:648-55.  

Jugular Vein Septic Phlebitis

  1. Riordan T.  Human infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum (Necrobacillosis), with a focus on Lemierre's Syndrome.  Clin Micro Rev 2007;20:622-59.

Pertussis (Whooping cough)

  1. Aoyama T, Sunakawa K, Iwata S, et al.  Efficacy of short-term treatment of pertussis with clarithromycin and azithromycin.  J Pediatr 1996;129:761-4
  2. Birkebaek NH, Kristiansen M, Seefeldt T, et al.  Bordetella pertussis and chronic cough in adults.  Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:1239-42.
  3. Capital Health Regional Public Health.  Pertussis.  Communicable Disease Corner 1998;2:1-2.
  4. Health Protection Agency guidelines for the public health management of pertussis 2012.
  5. Hewlett EL, Edwards KM.  Pertussis – not just for kids.  N Engl J Med 2005;352:1215-22.
  6. Mihaljevic F.  Azithromycin in the treatment of pertussis in children:  a pilot study.  ICMAS Abstract 1996; Jan 24-27.
  7. Parkins MD, McNeil SA, Laupland KB.  Routine immunization of adults in Canada:  Review of the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases and current recommendations for primary prevention.  Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2009;20:e81-90.
  8. Senzilet LD, Halperin SA, Spika JS, et al.  Pertussis is a frequent cause of prolonged cough illness in adults and adolescents.  Clin Infect Dis 2001:32;1691-7.
  9. Singh M, Lingappan K.  Whooping cough - the current scene.  Chest 2006;130:1547-53.
  10. Tozzi AE, Celentano LP, Ciofi degli Atti, ML, et al.  Diagnosis and management of pertussis.  CMAJ 2005;172:509-15.
  11. Wirsing von Konig CH.  Use of antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of pertussis.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:S66-8.

Croup

  1. Alberta Medical Association.  Guideline for the diagnosis and management of croup.  Edmonton (AB):  Toward Optimized Practice;2008.  Available from:  https://www.topalbertadoctors.org/uploads/croup_guideline.pdf
  2. Cherry JD.  Croup.  N Engl J Med 2008;358:384-91.

Otitis Media

  1. AHRQ.  Management of acute otitis media.  Summary, Evidence report/technology assessment:  number 15, June 2000.  Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research (AHRQ), Rockville, MD.  https://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/otitisum.htm
  2. American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and American Academy of Pediatrics.  Otitis media with effusion.  Pediatrics 2004;113:1412-29.
  3. American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians.  Clinical practice guideline.  Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media.  Pediatrics 2004;113:1451-65.
  4. Anon.  Drugs for treatment of acute otitis media in children.  Med Lett Drugs Ther 1994;36:19-21.
  5. Arrieta A, Arguedas A, Fernandez P, et al.  High-dose azithromycin versus high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treatment of children with recurrent or persistent acute otitis media.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:3179-86.
  6. Arrieta A, Singh J.  Management of recurrent and persistent acute otitis media:  new options with familiar antibiotics.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:S115-24.
  7. Boucher FD.  The new macrolide antibiotics: use them carefully.  Paediatr Child Health 1997;2:385-6.
  8. Casselbrant ML, Kaleida PH, Rockette HE, et al.  Efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis and of tympanostomy tube insertion for prevention of recurrent acute otitis media:  results of a randomized clinical trial.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:278-86.
  9. Coker TR, Chan LS, Newberry SJ, et al.  Diagnosis, microbial epidemiology, and antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media in children.  JAMA 2010;304:2161-9.
  10. Courter JD, Baker WL, Nowak KS, et al.  Increased clinical failures when treating acute otitis media with macrolides:  a meta-analysis.  Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:471-8.
  11. Craig WA, Andes D.  Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in otitis media.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:944-8.
  12. Dagan R, Abramson O, Leibovitz E, et al.  Impaired bacteriologic response to oral cephalosporins in acute otitis media caused by pneumococci with intermediate resistance to penicillin.  Ped Infect Dis J 1996;15:980-5.
  13. Dagan R, et al.  Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of amoxicillin-clavulanate vs azithromycin in acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:95-104.
  14. Delage G, Dery P, Gold R, et al.  Consensus recommendations for the management of otitis media.  Can J Diagn 1989;6:67-76.
  15. Doern GV, Brueggemann A, Holley HP, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1208-13.
  16. Dowell SF, Butler JC, Giebink GS, et al.  Acute otitis media: management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance – a report from the Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:1-9.
  17. Dowell SF, Marcy MS, Phillips WR, et al.  Otitis media - principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents.  Pediatrics 1998;101:165-71.
  18. Forgie S, Zhanel G, Robinson J.  Management of acute otitis media.  Paediatr Child Health 2009;14:ID 2009-01.
  19. Froom J, Culpepper L, DeMelker RA, et al.  Antimicrobials for acute otitis media?  A review from the International Primary Care Network.  Brit Med J 1997;315:98-102.
  20. Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Sanders SL, et al.  Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children (Cochrane Review).  In:  The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004. Chichester, UK:  John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  21. Green SM, Rothrock SG.  Single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone for acute otitis media in children.  Pediatrics 1993;91:23-30.
  22. Harrison CJ.  Using antibiotic concentrations in middle ear fluid to predict potential clinical efficacy.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:S12-6.
  23. Hedrick JA, Sher LD, Schwartz RH, et al.  Cefprozil versus high-dose amoxicillin/clavulanate in children with acute otitis media.  Clin Therapeutics 2001;23:193-204.
  24. Hoberman A, Paradise JL, Rockette HE, et al.  Shortened antimicrobial treatment for acute otitis media in young children.  N Engl J Med 2016;375:2446-56.
  25. Hoberman A, Paradise JL, Rockette HE, et al.  Treatment of acute otitis media in children under 2 years of age.  N Engl J Med 2011;364:105-15.
  26. Kenna MA.  Otitis media and the new guidelines.  J Otolaryngology 2005;34(suppl 1):S24-32.
  27. Klein JO.  Is acute otitis media a treatable disease?  N Engl J Med 2011;364:168-9.
  28. Klein JO.  Microbiologic efficacy of antibacterial drugs for acute otitis media.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;12:973-5.
  29. Le Saux N, Gaboury I, Baird M, et al.  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled noninferiority trial of amoxicillin for clinically diagnosed acute otitis media in children 6 months to 5 years of age.  CMAJ 2005;172:335-41.
  30. Leiberman A, Leibovitz E, Piglansky L, et al. Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for treatment of acute otitis media. Ped Infect Dis J 2001;20:260-4.
  31. Leibovitz E, et al.  Bacteriologic efficacy of a three-day intramuscular ceftriaxone regimen in nonresponsive acute otitis media.  Ped Infect Dis J 1998;17:1126-31.
  32. Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al.  The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media.  Pediatrics 2013;131:e964–e99.
  33. Little P, Gould C, Moore M, et al.  Predictors of poor outcome and benefits from antibiotics in children with acute otitis media: pragmatic randomised trial.  BMJ 2002;325:22-5.
  34. Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, et al.  Pragmatic randomized controlled trial of two prescribing strategies for childhood acute otitis media.  BMJ 2001;322:336-42.
  35. Mandel EM, Casselbrant ML.  Recent developments in the treatment of otitis media with effusion.  Drugs 2006;66:1565-76.
  36. Marchisio P, Principi N, Sala E, et al.  Comparative study of once-weekly azithromycin and once-daily amoxicillin treatments in prevention of recurrent acute otitis media in children.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2732-6.
  37. McIsaac WJ, Coyte PC, Croxford R, et al.  Otolaryngologists’ perceptions of the indications for tympanostomy tube insertion in children.  CMAJ 2000;162:1285-8.
  38. Paradise JL, Feldman HM, Campbell TF, et al.  Tympanostomy tubes and developmental outcomes at 9 to 11 years of age.  N Engl J Med 2007;356:248-61.
  39. Schloss MD.  Otitis media: to treat or not to treat?  Can Respir J 1999;6:51-3A.
  40. Simor AE, Louie M, The Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network, and Low DE. Canadian national survey of prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2190-3.
  41. Spiro DM, Arnold DH.  The concept and practice of a wait-and-see approach to acute otitis media.  Curr Opin Peds 2008;20:72-8.
  42. Tahtinen PA, Laine MK, Huovinen P, et al.  A placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatment for acute otitis media.  N Engl J Med 2011;364:116-26.
  43. Trujillo M, Correa N, Olsen K, et al.  Cefprozil concentrations in middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:268-70.
  44. Uhari M, Mantysaari K, Niemela M.  A meta-analytic review of the risk factors for acute otitis media.  Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:1079-83.
  45. Vouloumanou EK, Karageorgopoulos DE, Kazantzi MS, et al.  Antibiotics versus placebo or watchful waiting for acute otitis media:  a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;64:16-24.
  46. Wall GM, Stroman DW, Roland PS, et al.  Ciprofloxacin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% sterile otic suspension for the topical treatment of ear infections.  Ped Infect Dis J 2009;28:141-4.   

Otitis Externa

  1. Dohar JE.  Evolution of management approaches for otitis externa.  Ped Infect Dis J 2003;22:299-308.
  2. Wooltorton E.  Ototoxic effects from gentamicin ear drops.  Can Med Assoc J 2002;167:56. 

Sinusitis

  1. Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Borisenko OV, Kovanen N, et al.  Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:2:CD000243.
  2. Alberta Medical Association.  Diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis.  Edmonton (AB):  Toward Optimized Practice;2008.
  3. Bachert C, Fokkens W, Lund V, et al.  Medical management of rhinosinusitis.  Respirology & Allergy Scientific Update 2004;June.
  4. Boucher FD.  The new macrolide antibiotics: use them carefully.  Paediatr Child Health 1997;2:385-6.
  5. Brook I, Gooch WM, Jenkins SG, et al.  Medical management of acute bacterial sinusitis.  Recommendations of a clinical advisory committee on pediatric and adult sinusitis.  Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000;109:1-20.
  6. Chow AW, Benninger MS, Brook I, et al.  IDSA clinical practice guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults.  Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:e72-112.
  7. Consensus statement: summary diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for sinusitis.  Hosp Med Suppl 1997;33:54-5.
  8. de Bock GH, Dekker FW, Stolk J, Springer MP, Kievit J, van Houwelingen JC.  Antimicrobial treatment in acute maxillary sinusitis:  a meta-analysis.  J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50:881-90.
  9. DeMuri GP, Wald ER.  Complications of acute bacterial sinusitis in children.  Ped Infect Dis J 2011:30;701-2.
  10. Desrosiers M, Evans GA, Keith PK, et al.  Canadian clinical practice guidelines for acute and chronic rhinosinusitis.  Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2011;7:2.
  11. Desrosiers M, Frenkiel S, Hamid QA, et al.  Acute bacterial sinusitis in adults:  management in the primary care setting.  J Otololaryngol 2002;31(suppl 2):2S2-14.
  12. Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL.  Rhinitis and simusitis.  J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:103-15.
  13. Evans KL.  Recognition and management of sinusitis.  Drugs 1998;56:59-71.
  14. Falagas ME, Giannopoulu KP, Vardakas KZ, et al.  Comparison of antibiotics with placebo for treatment of acute sinusitis:  a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.  Lancet 2008;8:543-52.
  15. Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE, Grammatikkos AP, et al.  Effectiveness and safety of short vs. long duration of antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis:  a meta-analysis of randomized trials.  Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;67:161-71.
  16. Frenkiel S.  Diagnosis and management of sinusitis.  Can J Diagn 1998;Fall:2-7.
  17. Garbutt JM, Banister C, Spitznagel E, et al.  Amoxicillin for acute rhinosinusitis.  JAMA 2012:307;685-92.
  18. Garbutt JM, Goldstein M, Gellman E, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatment for children with clinically diagnosed acute sinusitis.  Pediatrics 2001;107:619-25.
  19. George DL, Falk PS, Meduri GU, et al.  Nosocomial sinusitis in patients in the medical intensive care unit: a prospective epidemiological study.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:463-70.
  20. Gwaltney JM.  Acute community acquired bacterial sinusitis: to treat or not to treat.  Can Respir J 1999;6:46-50.
  21. Gwaltney JM.  Acute community-acquired sinusitis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:1209-25.
  22. Hayward G, Heneghan C, Perera R, et al.  Intranasal corticosteroids in management of acute sinusitis:  a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Ann Fam Med 2012;10:241-9.
  23. Hickner JM, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, et al.  Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute rhinosinusitis in adults: background.  Ann Intern Med 2001;134:498-505.
  24. Institute for Clinical Systems Integration.  Acute sinusitis in adults.  Postgrad Med 1998;103:154-68.
  25. Loannidis JPA, Lau J.  Technical report:  evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated sinusitis in children:  a systematic overview.  Pediatrics 2001;108:e57.
  26. Karageorgopoulos DE, Giannopoulou KP, Grammatikos AP, et al.  Fluoroquinolones compared with β-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis:  a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.  CMAJ 2008;148:845-54.
  27. Khianey R, Oppenheimer J.  Is nasal saline irrigation all it is cracked up to be?  Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012;109:20-8.
  28. Lemiengre MB, van Driel ML, Merenstein D, et al.  Antibiotics for clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis in adults (review).  Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD006089. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006089.pub4.
  29. Low DE, Desrosiers M, McSherry J, et al.  A practical guide for the diagnosis and treatment of acute sinusitis. Can Med Assoc J 1997;156:S1-14.
  30. Nord CE.  The role of anaerobic bacteria in recurrent episodes of sinusitis and tonsillitis. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1512-24.
  31. Noyek A, Brodovsky D, Coyle S, et al.  Classification, diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.  Can J Infect Dis 1998;9:3B-24B.
  32. O’Brien KL, Dowell SF, Schwartz B, et al.  Acute sinusitis – principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents.  Pediatrics 1998;101:174-7.
  33. Orlandi RR, Kingdom TT, Hwang PH.  International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology:  rhinosinusitis executive summary.  Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016;6:S3-S21.
  34. Payne SC, Benninger MS.  Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis:  a meta-analysis.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:121-7.
  35. Piccirillo JF.  Acute bacterial sinusitis.  N Engl J Med 2004;351:902-10.
  36. Piccirillo JF, Mager DE, Frisse ME, et al.  Impact of first-line vs. second-line antibiotics for the treatment of acute uncomplicated sinusitis.  JAMA 2001;286:1849-56.
  37. Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, et al.  Clinical practice guideline (update):  adult sinusitis.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;152(2S):S1-39.
  38. Rosenfeld RM, Singer M, Jones S.  Systematic review of antimicrobial therapy in patients with acute rhinosinusitis.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;137:32-45.
  39. Pichichero ME.  Short course of antibiotic in acute otitis media and sinusitis infections.  J Int Med Res 2000;28:25A-36A.
  40. Rouby JJ, Laurent P, Gosnach M, et al.  Risk factors and clinical relevance of nosocomial maxillary sinusitis in the critically ill. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1994;150:776-83.
  41. Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership.  Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:S4-31.
  42. Smith MJ.  Evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated sinusitis in children:  a systematic review.  Pediatrics 2013;132:e284–e96.
  43. Snow V, Mottur-Pilson C, Hickner JM.  Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute sinusitis in adults.  Ann Intern Med 2001;134:495-7.
  44. Stalman W, van Essen GA, van der Graaf Y, et al.  The end of antibiotic treatment in adults with acute sinusitis-like complaints in general practice?  A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized doxycycline trial. Br J Gen Pract 1997;47:794-9.
  45. Stein M, Caplan ES.  Nosocomial sinusitis:  a unique subset of sinusitis.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005;18:147-50.
  46. Talmor M, Li P, Barie PS.  Acute paranasal sinusitis in critically ill patients: guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.  Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:1441-6.
  47. Tan B.  Acute sinusitis in children.  Paediatr Child Health 1997;2:314-6.
  48. Taverner D, Latte J.  Nasal decongestants for the common cold.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;1:CD001953.
  49. Van Buchem FL, Knottnerus JA, Schrijnemaekers VJ, et al.  Primary-care-based randomised placebo-controlled trial of antibiotic treatment in acute maxillary sinusitis.  Lancet 1997;349:683-7.
  50. Venekamp RP, Bonten MJM, Rovers MM, et al.  Systemic corticosteroid monotherapy for clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis:  a randomized controlled trial.  CMAJ 2012:184:e7517.
  51. Venekamp RP, Thompson MJ, Hayward G, et al.  Systemic corticosteroids for acute sinusitis.  Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD008115. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008115.pub2.
  52. Wald ER, Bordley WC, Darrow DH, et al.  American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guideline: management of sinusitis. Pediatrics 2001;108:798-808.
  53. Westergren V, Lundblad L, Hellquist HB, et al.  Ventilator-associated sinusitis: a review.  Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:851-64.
  54. Williamson IG, Rumsby K, Benge S, et al.  Antibiotics and topical nasal steroid for treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis.  JAMA 2007;298:2487-96.
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  56. Wilson JF.  Acute sinusitis.  Ann Intern Med 2010.
  57. Young J, De Sutter A, Merenstein D, et al.  Antibiotics for adults with clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis:  a meta-analysis of individual patient data.  Lancet 2008;371:908-14.
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Deep Neck space infections

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  4. Kristensen LH, Prag J.  Human necrobacillosis, with emphasis on Lemierre’s Syndrome.  Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:524-32.   

Acute Cervical Adenitis

  1. Margileth AM.  Cervical adenitis.  Pediatr Rev 1985;7:13-24.  

Bronchitis

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  13. Gonzales R, Sande MA. Uncomplicated acute bronchitis.  Ann Intern Med 2000;133:981-91.
  14. Grayston JT, Aldous MB, Easton A, et al.  Evidence that Chlamydia pneumoniae causes pneumonia and bronchitis.  J Infect Dis 1993;168:1231-5.
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  17. Ho PL, Tse WS, Tsang KWT, et al.  Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae:  a case-control study.  Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:701-7.
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  19. Irwin RS, Madison JM.  The diagnosis and treatment of cough.  New Engl J Med 2000;343:1715-21.
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  21. O’Brien KL, Dowell SF, Schwartz B, et al.  Cough illness/bronchitis – principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents.  Pediatrics 1998;178-81.
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Bronchiolitis

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  2. Tregoning JS, Schwarze J.  Respiratory viral infections in infants:  causes, clinical symptoms, virology, and immunology.  Clin Microb Rev 2010:74-98.
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Pneumonia

  1. Ailani RK, Agastya G, Ailani RK, et al.  Doxycycline is a cost-effective therapy for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia.  Arch Intern Med 1999;159:266-70.
  2. Alberta Medical Association.  Guideline for the diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia:  Adult.  Feb 2002.
  3. Alberta Medical Association.  Guideline for the diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia: Pediatric.  Jan 2002. 
  4. Alberta Medical Association.  Guideline for the diagnosis and management of nursing home acquired pneumonia.  Sep 2002.
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  6. Bartlett JG, Mundy LM.  Community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1618-24.
  7. Baselski VS, Wunderink RG.  Bronchoscopic diagnosis of pneumonia.  Clin Microbiol Rev 1994;7:533-58.
  8. Battleman DS, Callahan M, Thaler HT.  Rapid antibiotic delivery and appropriate antibiotic selection reduce length of hospital stay of patients with community-acquired pneumonia.  Arch Intern Med 2002;162:682-8.
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  10. Boucher FD.  The new macrolide antibiotics: use them carefully.  Paediatr Child Health 1997;2:385-6.
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  14. Chiou CC.  Does penicillin remain the drug of choice for pneumococcal pneumonia in view of emerging in vitro resistance?  Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:234-7.
  15. Confalonieri M, Urbino R, Potena A, et al.  Hydrocortisone infusion for severe community-acquired pneumonia.  A preliminary randomized study.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:242-8.
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  19. Dunbar LM, Wunderink RG, Habib MP, et al.  High-dose, short-course levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia:  a new treatment paradigm.  Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:752-60.
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  22. el Solh AA, Alhajhusain A.  Update on the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;64:229-38.
  23. Fang GD, Fine M, Orloff J, et al.  New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy: a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine 1990;69:307-16.
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  35. Heffelfinger JD, Dowell SF, Jorgensen JH, et al.  Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance.  Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1399-1408.
  36. High KP, Bradley SF, Gravenstein S, et al.  Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation of fever and infection in older adult residents of long-term care facilities:  2008 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clin Infect Dis 2009:48;149-71.
  37. Hoban DJ, Karlowsky JA, Zhanel GG, et al.  Evolving patterns of resistance to respiratory pathogens in Canada.  Can Respir J 1999;6:27-30.
  38. Horita N, Otsuka T, Haranaga S, et al.  Beta-lactam plus macrolides or beta-lactam alone for community-acquired pneumonia:  A systematic review and meta-analysis.  Respirology 2016;21:1193-1200.
  39. Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, et al.  Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.  Arch Intern Med 2004;164:637-44.
  40. Jadavji T, Law B, Lebel MH, et al.  A practical guide for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pneumonia.  Can Med Assoc J 1997;156:S703-11.
  41. Jain S, Self H, Wunderink RG, et al.  Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. adults.  N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.
  42. Jasper AS, Musuuza JS, Tischendorf JS, et al.  Are fluoroquinolones or macrolides better for treating legionella pneumonia? A systematic review and meta-analysis.  Clin Infect Dis 2021;72:1979–89. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa441
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  44. Jones BE, Ying J, Stevens V, et al.  Empirical anti-MRSA vs standard antibiotic therapy and risk of 30-day mortality in patients hospitalized for pneumonia.  JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:552-60.
  45. Jones RN, Sader HS, Fritsche TR.  Doxycycline use for community-acquired pneumonia:  contemporary in vitro spectrum of activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae (1999-2002).  Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;49:147-9.
  46. Laheij RJ, Sturkenboom MCJM, Hassing RJ, et al.  Risk of community-aquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs.  JAMA 2004;292:1955-60.
  47. Le Saux N, Robinson JL.  Pneumonia in healthy Canadian children and youth:  Practice points for management.  Paed Child Health 2011;16:417-20.
  48. Le Saux N, Robinson J.  Popularization of "10".  J Med Microbiol Infect Dis 2021;6:173-6.
  49. Le Saux N, Robinson JL.  Uncomplicated pneumonia in healthy Canadian children and youth:  practice points for management.  Paediatr Child Health 2015;20:441-5.
  50. Lee JS, Giesler DL, Gellad WF, et al.  Antibiotic therapy for adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review.  JAMA 2016;315:593-602.
  51. Lim WS, vander Eerden MM, Laing R, et al.  Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital:  an international derivation and validation study.  Thorax 2003;58:377-82.
  52. Lynch JP, Martinez FJ.  Clinical relevance of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae for community-acquired pneumonia.  Clin Infect Dis 2002;34(suppl 1):S27-46.
  53. Kollef MH, Morrow LE, Baughman RP, et al.  Health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP):  a critical appraisal to improve identification, management, and outcomes - proceedings of the HCAP Summit.  Clin Infect Dis 2008:46;296-334.
  54. MacFarlane JT, Colville A, Guion A, et al.  Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower-respiratory-tract infections in the community.  Lancet 1993;341:511-4.
  55. Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, et al.  Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults.  Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1405-33.
  56. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF, et al.  Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society.  Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:383-421.
  57. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al.  Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults.  Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:27-72.
  58. Marrie TJ, Lau CY, Wheeler SL, et al.  A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.  JAMA 2000;283;749-55.
  59. Marrie TJ.  Risks and outcomes in community acquired pneumonia.  Can Respir J 1999;6:6-9.
  60. Marrie TJ.  Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1066-78.
  61. Marrie TJ.  Importance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia.  Can J Infect Dis 1999;10:19-21.
  62. Martinez FJ.  Monotherapy versus dual therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients.  Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(suppl 4):S328-40.
  63. Martinez JA, Horcajada JP, Almela M, et al.  Addition of a macrolide to a ß-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia.  Clin Infect Dis 2003:36;389-95.
  64. McIntosh K.  Community-acquired pneumonia in children.  N Engl J Med 2002;346:429-37.
  65. Meijvis SC, Hardeman H, Remmelts HH, et al.  Dexamethasone and length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia:  a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Lancet 2011;377:2023-30.
  66. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al.  Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia; An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America.  2019.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;200:e45-67.
  67. Mills GD, Oehley MR, Arrol B.  Effectiveness of ß-lactam antibiotics compared with antibiotics active against atypical pathogens in non-severe community acquired pneumonia:  meta analysis.  BMJ 2005;330:456-63.
  68. Mylotte JM.  Nursing home-acquired pneumonia.  Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:1205-11.
  69. Peterson LR.  Penicillins for treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia:  does in vitro resistance really matter?  Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:224-33.
  70. Public Health England.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)  guideline - Pneumonia (community acquired): antimicrobial prescribing.  Sep 2019 www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138.
  71. Rello J, Rodriguez R, Jubert P, et al.  Severe community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: epidemiology and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:723-8.
  72. Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Anzueto A.  Common medications that increase the risk for developing community-acquired pneumonia.  Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010;23:145-51.
  73. Roord JJ, Wolf BHM, Goossens MMHT, et al.  Prospective open randomized study comparing efficacies and safeties of a 3-day course of azithromycin in children with community-acquired acute lower respiratory tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2765-8.
  74. Santana AR, Amorim FF, Soares FB, et al.  Comparison of CURB-65 and CRB-65 as predictors of death in community-acquired pneumonia in adults admitted to an ICU.  Critical Care 2013, 17(Suppl 3):P39 (doi: 10.1186/cc12655).
  75. Schutze GE, Jacobs RF.  Management of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized children.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:160-4.
  76. Shulman ST, Bartlett J, Clyde WA, et al.  The unusual severity of mycoplasmal pneumonia in children with sickle-cell disease.  N Engl J Med 1972;287:164-7.
  77. Talan DA, Moran GJ.  Emergency department management of pneumonia.  Can Respir J 1999;6:10-14.
  78. Tan JS.  Role of ‘atypical’ pneumonia pathogens in respiratory tract infections.  Can Respir J 1999;6:15-9.
  79. Tansarli GS, Mylonakis E.  Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of short-course antibiotic treatments for community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018;62:1-13.
  80. Telles JP, Cieslinski J, Gasparetto J, et al.  Efficacy of ceftriaxone 1g daily versus 2g daily for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia:  A systematic review with meta-analysis.  Expert Review Anti-Infective Therapy 2019;17:501-10.
  81. Troy CJ, Peeling RW, Ellis AG, et al.  Chlamydia pneumoniae as a new source of infectious outbreaks in nursing homes. JAMA 1997;277:1214-18.
  82. Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176: 1257–65.
  83. Vergis EN, Indorf A, File TM, et al.  Azithromycin vs cefuroxime plus erythromycin for empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients.  Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1294-1300.

Aspiration Pneumonia

  1. Bartlett JG, Gorbach SL. Treatment of aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess.  JAMA 1975;234:935-7.
  2. Finegold SM. Aspiration pneumonia. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:S737-42.
  3. Mandell LA, Niederman MS.  Aspiration pneumonia.  N Engl J Med 2019;380:651-63.
  4. Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2001;344:665-71.

Nosocomial Pneumonia

  1. Bartlett JG, O’Keefe P, Tally FP, et al.  Bacteriology of hospital-acquired pneumonia.  Arch Intern Med 1986;146:868-71.
  2. Burgess DS.  Use of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to optimize antimicrobial treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.  Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:S99-104.
  3. Cunha BA. The antibiotic treatment of community-acquired, atypical, and nosocomial pneumonias. Med Clin North Am 1995;79:581-97.
  4. Ferguson ND, Grossman RF. Hospital-acquired pneumonia:fighting the germs. Can J Diagnosis 1997;Feb:95-108.
  5. Fiel S.  Guidelines and critical pathways for severe hospital-acquired pneumonia.  Chest 2001;119(2 suppl):412S-18S.
  6. Garau J, Bouza E, Chastre J, et al.  Management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.  Clin Microbiol Infect 2009:15;125-136.
  7. Gotfried MH, Danzinger LH, Rodvold KA.  Steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary concentrations of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in healthy adult subjects.  Chest 2001;119:1114-22.
  8. Haque NZ, Zuniga LC, Peyrani P, et al.  Relationship of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration to mortality in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, or health-care-associated pneumonia.  Chest 2010 138:1356-62.
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  10. Kalil AC, Murthy MH, Hermsen ED, et al.  Linezolid versus vancomycin or teicoplanin for nosocomial pneumonia:  a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Crit Care Med 2010:38;1802-8.
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Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

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  2. American Thoracic Society.  Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:388-416.
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  4. Bougle A, Tuffet S, Federici L, et al.  Comparison of 8 versus 15 days of antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized, controlled, open-label trial.  Intensive Care Med 2022;48:841-9.
  5. Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY, et al.  Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults.  A randomized trial.  JAMA 2003;290:2588-98.
  6. Kalil A, Metersky M, Klompas M, et al.  Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63(5):575–82.
  7. Koenig SM, Truwit JD.  Ventilator-associated pneumonia:  diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.  Clin Microb Rev 2006:19;637-57.
  8. Kollef MH.  The prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia.  N Engl J Med 1999;340;627:34.
  9. Kollef MH.   Ventilator-associated pneumonia:  the importance of initial empiric antibiotic selection.  Infect Med 2000;17:265-8, 278-83.
  10. McQuillen DP, Duncan RA, Craven DE.  Ventilator-associated pneumonia:  emerging principles of management.  Infect Med 2005;22:104-18.
  11. Morehead RS, Pinto SJ.  Ventilator-associated pneumonia.  Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1926-36.
  12. Muscedere J, Dodek P, Keenan S, et al.  Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia:  diagnosis and treatment.  J Crit Care 2008:23;138-47.
  13. Muscedere J, Dodek P, Keenan S, et al.  Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia:  prevention.  J Crit Care 2008:23;126-37.
  14. Principi N, Esposito S.  Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in pediatric intensive care units.  Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007:26;841-44. 
  15. Torres A, Niederman M, Chastre J, et al.  International ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia.  Eur Respir J 2017;50:1700582.

Cystic fibrosis

  1. Burkhardt O, Lehmann C, Madabushi R, et al.  Once-daily tobramycin in cystic fibrosis:  better for clinical outcome than thrice-daily tobramycin but more resistance development?  J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:822-9.
  2. Coulthard KP, Peckham DG, Conway SP, et al.  Therapeutic drug monitoring of once daily tobramycin in cystic fibrosis - caution with trough concentrations.  J Cystic Fibrosis 2007;6:125-30.
  3. Touw DJ, Knox AJ, Smyth A.  Population pharmacokinetics of tobramycin administered thrice daily and once daily in children and adults with cystic fibrosis.  J Cystic Fibrosis 2007;6:327-33.

Influenza

  1. Anon.  Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza.  MMWR 2011:60.
  2. Anon.  Antiviral drugs for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.  Med Lett Drugs Ther 2005;47:93-5.
  3. Anon.  Policy statemenet - recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2010-2011.  Am Ac Peds.
  4. Aoki FY, Allen DU, Stiver HG, et al.  The use of antiviral drugs for influenza:  guidance for practitioners, 2010-11.
  5. Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, et al.  Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults:  systematic review and meta-analysis.  BMJ 2009:339;1-8.
  6. Smith JR, Ariano RE, Toovey S.  The use of antiviral agents for the management of severe influenza.  Crit Care Med 2010:38;43-51.
  7. Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, et al.  Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America:  2018 update on diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management of seasonal influenza.  Clin Infect Dis 2019;68:1-47.

Lung abscess

  1. Bartlett JG. Anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung and pleural space. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:S248-55.
  2. Bartlett JG, Gorbach SL. Penicillin or clindamycin for primary lung abscess? Ann Intern Med 1983;98:546-8.
  3. Bartlett JG, Gorbach SL. Treatment of aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. JAMA 1975;234:935-7.
  4. Gadkowski LB, Stout JE.  Cavitary pulmonary disease.  Clin Microb Rev 2008:21;305-33.
  5. Gudiol F, Manresa F, Pallares R, et al. Clindamycin vs penicillin for anaerobic lung infections: high rate of penicillin failures associated with penicillin-resistant Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:2525-9.
  6. Levison ME, Mangura CT, Lorber B, et al. Clindamycin compared with penicillin for the treatment of anaerobic lung abscess. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:466-71.
  7. Marina M, Strong CA, Civen R, et al.  Bacteriology of anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections:  preliminary report.  Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:256-62.
  8. Perlino CA. Metronidazole vs clindamycin treatment of anaerobic pulmonary infection: failure of metronidazole therapy. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:1424-7.
  9. Yazbeck MF, Dahdel M, Kalra A, et al.  Lung abscess:  update on microbiology and management.  Am J Therapeut 2012.

Empyema

  1. Bryant RE, Salmon CJ. Pleural empyema. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:747-64.
  2. Heffner J.  Multicenter trials of treatment for empyema – after all these years.  New Engl J Med 2005;352:926-28.
  3. Koegelenberg CFN, Diacon AH, Bolliger CT.  Parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema.  Respiration 2008:75;241-50.
  4. Maskell NA, Davies CWH, Nunn AJ, et al.  U.K. controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection.  N Engl J Med 2005;352:865-74.
  5. Misthos P, Sepsas E, Konstantinou M, et al.  Early use of intrapleural fibrinolytics in the management of postpneumonic empyema.  A prospective study.  Europ J Cardio-Thor Surg 2005;28:599-603.
  6. Rahman NM, Chapman SJ, Davies RJO.  The approach to the patient with a parapneumonic effusion.  Clin Chest Med 2006:27;253-66.
  7. Sahn SA.  Diagnosis and management of parapneumonic effusions and empyema.  Clin Infect Dis 2007:45;1480-6.
  8. Schiza S, Siafakas NM.  Clinical presentation and management of empyema, lung abscess and pleural effusion.  Curr Opin Pulm Med 2006:12;205-12.

Tuberculosis

  1. Anon.  Active tuberculosis:  diagnosis and management guideline.
  2. Anon.  Treatment guidelines:  drugs for tuberculosis.  2009:7.
  3. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America:  Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:603-62. Reprinted in: Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 2003;52(No. RR-11):1-77. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5211.pdf
  4. Canadian Thoracic Society (CTS) of the Canadian Lung Association (CLA) and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC).  Canadian Tuberculosis Standards, 7th Edition, 2013. https://www.respiratoryguidelines.ca/tb-standards-2013
  5. Cooper R, Houston S, Hughes C, et al. Chapter 10: Treatment of active tuberculosis in special populations. Can J Resp Crit Care Sleep Med 2022;6(sup1): 149–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/24745332.2022.2039500
  6. Dooley KE, Golub J, Goes FS, et al.  Empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia with fluoroquinolones, and delays in the treatment of tuberculosis.  Clin Infect Dis 2002:34:1607-12.
  7. Horsburgh Jr CR, Feldman S, Ridzon R.  Practice guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis.  Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 633-9
  8. Johnston JC, Cooper R, Menzies D. Chapter 5: Treatment of tuberculosis disease. Can J Resp Crit Care Sleep Med 2022;6(sup1):66–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/24745332.2022.2036504 
  9. Long R, Ellis E.  Introducing the sixth edition of the Canadian Tuberculosis Standards.  Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2007:18;283.

  10. Milburn H, Ashman N, Davies P, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and management of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in adult patients with chronic kidney disease. Thorax 2010;65:559–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.133173

  11. Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Executive summary: official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63; 853–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw566

  12. Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. an official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2019;200(10). https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201909-1874st

  13. Small PM, Fujiwara PI.  Management of tuberculosis in the United States.  N Engl J Med 2001;345:189-200.
  14. Treatment of tuberculosis.  National Guideline Clearinghouse 2004.
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